Effect of MVA Indigenous Isolates and Types of Planting Media on Growth and Result of Corn Plant on Dry Land Central Lombok

: The potential of agriculture in Indonesia has not been fully explored. Indonesia has favorable climatic conditions, natural resources, and human resources. West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) has an unproductive land area of 1.807.463 ha of the total area of NTB. One of the efforts to increase the productivity of dry land is the application of biological fertilizer. Biofertilizers that are expected to have a high contribution in increasing fertilization efficiency are Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (MVA). MVA is important to apply to infertile soils with low nutrient content. This study aimed to determine the effect of MVA isolates Indigenous and media types on the growth and yield of a corn plant on dry land in Central Lombok The study was carried out for 3 months using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisted of 2 factors, namely the Indigenous MVA isolate type factor with consisted of 3 levels and the planting media type factor consisting of 4 levels where each treatment was repeated 3 times so that 36 unit were obtained test. The results showed that the variety of isolates showed significant differences in all parameters of growth and yield of corn plat (plant height, root lengthand root weight). The type of planting media showed a significant difference in the parameters of root weight of corn plants. The high growth and yield response of corn plant was thought to be due to the association between corn plant and MVA which was seen in the increased plant growth in all MVA inoculated treatments with the highest plant growth in the treatment using isolate I2 (Gigaspora sp.) on the parameters observed for plant height, root length and root weight. In all parameters observed for corn plant growth, it was found that the genus Gigaspora was superior to the genus Glomus. The best kind of planting media in increasing the growth of corn plants is a mixture of rice husk and soil biochar media with a ratio of 1:3. The use of husk and soil biochar media that was given spores of the genus Gigaspora gave the best corn plant growth.


Introduction
The agricultural potential in Indonesia has not been optimally explored. Indonesia has favorable climatic conditions, natural resources and human resources. Extensive agricultural land has not been used optimally. West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) has unproductive land covering an area of 1,807,463 ha or 84% of the total area of NTB with a slope of >15% and 3 wet months (Balitkabi, 2012;Permono, 2015), The potential land for development reaches 620,034.60 ha (34% of the dry land area of NTB) (Permono, 2015). High non-productive land is a big challenge for agriculture in NTB in particular and the nation in general.
Dry land farming has not been made a top priority in agricultural development in NTB in three decades. Dry land has become marginal, causing various socioeconomic problems (poverty, unemployment), degradation of land resources including an increase in critical dry land (Sukmawati et al., 2021). The development of dry land agriculture has specific challenges, especially those related to capital, land biophysical limiting factors (soil fertility status, undulating topography and limited water availability) 113 which will affect crop production (Sukmawati et al., 2021). Limited agricultural support infrastructure also has a major influence on agricultural cultivation (Astiko et al., 2013). These factors are assumed to be the biggest contributors to the phenomenon of crop failure, low soil fertility and vulnerability to land degradation processes.
The expected farming strategy in the management of dry land agriculture is sustainable agriculture which is oriented towards improving soil fertility and overcoming drought stress constraints. Improvement of sustainable dryland farming systems is needed with integrated management that can actualize the achievement of crop production, maintenance of soil fertility and improvement of farmers' income (Astiko et al., 2013).
National corn production has been in surplus since 2018, data for the last 5 years shows an average increase of 12.49 percent per year with projected production in 2018 reaching 30 million tons of dry shelled (PK). Increased production is supported by data on harvested area per year, which has increased by an average of 11.06 percent, and productivity has increased by an average of 1.42 percent (ARAM I, BPS 2018). This is a challenge for the Indonesian government to further increase corn production by increasing the harvested area on dry land. One strategy that can be applied to corn cultivation on dry land is the use of biofertilizers, improvement of farmer institutional systems and capital assistance from the government. Biological fertilizers on dry land can increase the availability and uptake of nutrients and minerals for plants, improve soil health and provide protection against drought and some soil-borne diseases (Singh & Purosit, 2011), minimize land degradation and environmental pollution and reduce the use of chemical inputs and increase agricultural efficiency in a sustainable manner (Hidayat et al., 2022).
Biofertilizers that are expected to have a high contribution in increasing fertilization efficiency are by utilizing Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (MVA) (Musthafa et al., 2015). Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza is important for infertile soils with low nutrient content. Indegenus MVA is mostly found on marginal lands. MVA spores that are inoculated on the roots of host plants are expected to interact positively by increasing plant growth and yield through the provision of nutrients and plant growth hormones (Purba, 2015), facilitate the absorption of various types of nutrients, synthesis of phytohormones and are antagonistic to pathogenic bacteria and fungi. (Kesaulya et al., 2015).
The availability of Indigenus MVA spores in the soil is largely determined by the effectiveness and colonization of Indigenus MVA spores. Indegenus MVA colonization effectiveness is different for each growing medium. Kim et al. (2017) stated that there is a close relationship between soil, plants and MVA. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza are commonly found in soil, but not all of them are effective in terms of colonization ability, competition with other fungi and ability to increase nutrient absorption (Sukmawati., 2022). Effective MVA can associate with host plants and be able to adapt to the environment (Jansa et al., 2016). Colonization effectiveness of each MVA genus also varies depending on the origin of the MVA used.
The application of Arbuscular Vesicular Mycorrhizae at the farm level faces obstacles in terms of the limitations and availability of Arbuscular Vesicular Mycorrhizae isolates which are unresolved problems making it difficult for farmers to obtain mycorrhizal biofertilizers (Sukasta et al., 2010). Research with Indegenus MVA is expected as an alternative to sustainable agriculture on dry land.

Time and place of experiment
The experiment was carried out at the Green House of the Faculty of Agriculture, Nahdhatul Wathan University, Mataram for 3 months (December 2020 -February 2021).

Research design
This research is a factorial study designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors. The details of the two factors are as follows: Factor 1: Indigenous MVA (S) isolate type which consists of 3 levels, namely: S0 = without MVA spores S1 = Glomus sp. S2 = Gigaspora sp. Factor 2: Types of Planting Media consist of 4 (M) levels, namely: A1 = Planting Media 1 (1 kg of zeolite : 3 kg of soil) A2 = Planting Media 2 (1 kg kaolin : 3 kg soil) A3 = Planting Media 3 (1 kg of quartz sand: 3 kg of soil) A4 = Planting Media 4 (1 kg charcoal husk biochart : 3 kg soil) Each treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 36 experimental units. The research was conducted within 3 months. Each experimental unit consisted of 1 plant.

Research procedure
The Indigenous MVA inoculant used is a superior isolate obtained in the propagation process by providing 50 spore grains/polybag. 1 kg of kaolin, zeolite, quartz sand, rice husk biochart and 3 kg of soil (1:3 ratio) were put into polybags so that each polybag contained 4 kg of planting medium. Soil and carrier media are thoroughly mixed and then sterilized in a large drum at 105oC for 3.5 hours. The cooling of the growing medium was carried out for 24 hours. Corn seeds were planted in each polybag within 30 days and watered regularly every evening using groundwater according to field capacity.

Observation Parameters
Parameters of plant growth observed were plant height (cm), root length (cm) and root weight (g). Measurements were made at the age of 30 HST.

Data analysis
Data were analyzed quantitatively using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% level using Costat software. If between treatments had a significant effect on the observed variables, then continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT)) at the 5% level.

Result and Discussion
The results of the analysis of plant growth and yield parameters (plant height, root weight, root length) are presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Note: 1. The mean value of the treatment followed by the same lowercase letter shows no significant difference based on the DMRT test at the 5% level 2. Media A1 = soil-zeolite mixture: Media A2 = soil-kaolin mixture: medium A3 = soil-quartz sand mixture: Media A4 = soil-charcoal biochart mixture Table 1 above shows that there was a significantly different effect on the isolate type factor, while the effect was not significantly different on the media type factor. There is no interaction between the two factors. Measurements were also made on the parameters of root length and root weight of plants which were further tested with 5% DMRT and are presented in Tables 2 and  3. Note: 1. The mean value of the treatment followed by the same lowercase letter shows no significant difference based on the DMRT test at the 5% level 2. Media A1 = soil-zeolite mixture: Media A2 = soil-kaolin mixture: medium A3 = soil-quartz sand mixture: Media A4 = soil-charcoal husk mixture.
Tabel 2 menunjukkan bahwa terjadi pengaruh beda nyata pada faktor jenis isolat dan macam media tanam. Tidak terjadi interaksi perlakuan. Note: 1. The mean value of the treatment followed by the same lowercase letter shows no significant difference based on the DMRT test at the 5% level 2. Media A1 = soil-zeolite mixture: Media A2 = soil-kaolin mixture: medium A3 = soil-quartz sand mixture: Media A4 = soil-charcoal husk mixture Table 3 shows that there was a significant difference in the type of isolate factor and not significantly different in the type of planting medium and the interaction of the two factors. This study used isolates from previously inoculated MVA propagation on various carrier media. The different factors of isolates showed significant differences in all parameters of corn plant growth. The high response of plant growth due to MVA inoculation was thought to be due to the association between corn plants and MVA which was seen in increased plant growth and yield in all treatments inoculated with MVA with the highest plant growth in the treatment using isolate I2 (Gigaspora sp.) on the parameter of plant height observation , root length and root weight. Sari & Ermavitalini (2014), stated that the high growth and yield of MVA-inoculated plants was caused by MVA colonization of plant roots which could expand the area of root uptake of nutrients and water. Talanca (2010), added that MVA functions in encouraging the formation of plant growth hormones, such as cytokinins and auxins. Cytokinin and auxin hormones function in cell division and elongation, resulting in increased plant growth such as plant height etc. Muis et al. (2016) stated that plants added to MVA would be better because of the greater surface area of the roots in absorbing nutrients and water and the greater number of leaves to carry out photosynthetic activities. In all parameters of plant growth and yield observations, the gigaspora genus was superior to the glomus genus (Adeyemi et al., 2019;Maffo et al., 2022).
The best type of planting media in increasing the growth and yield of corn plants in this study was a mixture of rice husk biochar and soil media with a ratio of 1:3. The use of biochar husk media and soil fed with spores of the genus Gigaspora provides the best growth and yield of corn plants. Husk charcoal biochar will maintain moisture and increase soil fertility, increase water and air circulation in the soil, provide nutrients so as to stimulate plant growth and yields (Rawat et al., 2019;Situmeang et al., 2022). Research conducted by Kolo & Raharjo (2016), proved that husk charcoal has a positive effect on the growth and yield of tomatoes. Other media such as a mixture of soil with zeolite, quartz sand and kaolin have quite varied texture differences. Kaolin is in the form of flour, zeolite and quartz sand are in the form of granules, grains like small stones. Kaolin flour in wet conditions will agglomerate and blend with the soil. MVA hyphae of the genus Gigaspora did not spread optimally in the soil-kaolin flour medium so that the nutrient absorption process was low. Vaidya et al. (2007) stated that a mixture of coarse soils such as zeolite and quartz sand was a medium that did not give the best results for the growth of MVA-inoculated corn plants because the coarse soil conditions had high porosity so that the absorption of nutrients and water was not optimal (Helliwell et al., 2019;An et al., 2021).

Conclusion
The isolate that gave the best results on plant growth and yield (plant height, root length and root weight) was Gigaspora sp. The best type of planting media for increasing the growth of corn plants in this study was a mixture of rice husk biochar media and soil with a ratio of 1:3 The use of rice husk biochar media and soil that was given spores of the genus Gigaspora gave the best growth of corn plants.