Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA contains scientific articles form of research results that include science, technology, and teaching in the field of science. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA is published monthly. Authors across the globe are welcome to submit their research papers in the prestigious journal fulfilling the requisite criterion.
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Development of Deep Learning-Oriented Google Sites Interactive Learning Media to Support SDG 4: Quality Education in High School English Learning
English learning at the high school level still faces various challenges, such as time constraints, low interaction, and the dominance of one-way learning that does not support 21st century skill development. This research aims to develop Google Sites-based interactive learning media that is oriented towards deep learning to improve understanding of concepts and student engagement. This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE model which includes the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The subjects of the study were 36 students of class X Phase E at SMAN 7 Padang. The research instruments include expert validation sheets, practicality questionnaires, and learning outcome tests. The data were analyzed descriptively, quantitatively, and qualitatively and used the N-gain test to measure effectiveness. The results showed that the media developed had a validity level of 95% (very feasible category), a practicality level of 95% (teachers) and 90% (students) (very practical category), and high effectiveness with an increase in average score from 58.7 (pretest) to 89.72 (posttest) and an N-gain value of 0.80 (high category). These findings show that Google Sites-based interactive learning media oriented to deep learning has proven to be valid, practical, and effective in improving students' understanding of concepts in English learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rosnilawati, Alwen Bentri, Zelhendri Zen, Mutiara Felicita Amsal, Rayendra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Epistemological Beliefs about Physics Learning: The Role of Gender, Grade Level, and Ethnicity Background toward Quality and Inclusive Education
This study explores high school students' epistemological beliefs about physics learning in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Province and evaluates the effects of gender, grade level, and ethnicity. Utilizing a descriptive-quantitative survey design, the study involved 390 science students (grades 10–12) across six high schools. Data were gathered via the validated Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Physics and Learning (BAPL) instrument and analyzed using a three-way ANOVA. The overall average BAPL score was . Statistics revealed that gender significantly impacted overall beliefs (F = 3.99, p = 0.05), with females reporting more positive baseline scores (70.00 6.74) than males (68.55 7.34). Grade level also exerted a significant main effect (F = 3.60, p = 0.04), showing more sophisticated views in higher grades. Conversely, the main effect of ethnicity was highly insignificant (F = 0.006, p = 0.94). While no significant overall three-way interaction was found (F = 0.85, p = 0.43), a dimension-specific three-way interaction emerged exclusively within the Relevance of Physics in Everyday Life (RLE) dimension (F = 3.05, p = 0.05). These findings suggest that uniform school systems act as epistemic equalizers across ethnic backgrounds in NTT, though gender-sensitive and context-aware pedagogy remains essential to foster sophisticated physics beliefs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oktavina Pandango, Sentot Kusairi, Sujito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transforming Academic Emotions and Critical Thinking Through Augmented Reality in PBL: A Rasch Stacking-Racking Analysis
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Augmented Reality (AR)-integrated Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on students' academic emotions and critical thinking skills in the topic of Matter and Its Changes. The primary background for this intervention was the low level of student engagement and the difficulty of visualizing abstract science concepts at SMP Negeri 2 Gorontalo. The research employed a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design involving 124 seventh-grade students divided into experimental (n=62) and control (n=62) groups. Data were collected through academic emotion questionnaires (30 Likert-scale items) and two-tier critical thinking tests (16 items), which were then analyzed using the Rasch Model via stacking and racking techniques to ensure data linearity in logit units. The analysis results indicate that integrating AR into PBL significantly increased students' positive academic emotions, with 70.97% of experimental students showing significant improvement, and accelerated critical thinking ability by 1.28 logits compared to 0.44 logits in the control class (Mann-Whitney U, p < 0.001). These findings confirm that AR's immersive visualization functions as cognitive scaffolding that simultaneously strengthens students' affective engagement and analytical thinking, consistent with the Control-Value Theory framework. This study concludes that AR-PBL is an effective intervention for simultaneously transforming affective and cognitive dimensions in junior high school science learning. The findings underscore the importance of integrating immersive technology into the science curriculum to support deeper conceptual understanding of abstract material.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khaerani, Lukman A.R Laliyo, Rustam I Husain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Digital Teaching Materials Based on Cognitive Conflict Integrated with Augmented Reality and Nias Ethnoscience to Improve Critical Thinking in Work and Energy
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of digital learning materials based on cognitive conflict integrated with Augmented Reality (AR) and Nias ethnoscience in improving students' critical thinking skills in the material of work and energy. The method used was a quasi-experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research sample consisted of two eleventh grade Physics classes at SMA Negeri 1 Gido selected through simple random sampling. The instrument used was an essay test to measure critical thinking skills. The results showed that the average posttest score of the experimental class (75.1) was higher than that of the control class (70.4). Hypothesis testing using Mann-Whitney U resulted in a significance value of 0.039, indicating a significant difference between the two groups. These findings indicate that the developed digital learning materials are effective in improving students' critical thinking skills. This effectiveness is supported by the integration of cognitive conflict that encourages conceptual reconstruction, the use of AR that visualizes abstract concepts, and ethnoscience that links learning to the local cultural context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elman Ikhtiar Ronaldo Waruwu, Fatni Mufit, Asrizal, Emiliannur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Soil Insect Diversity and Community Structure as Bioindicators in the Semi-Arid Ecosystem of Madapangga Nature Park, Indonesia
Soil insects play an important role in ecosystem processes, particularly in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. This study aimed to analyze the composition and diversity structure of soil arthropod communities in Madapangga Nature Park, Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Field sampling was conducted from June to July 2024 using quadrat sampling and pitfall traps at two observation stations. A total of 629 individuals representing 15 species, 13 families, and 8 orders were collected and identified. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed a low-to-moderate diversity level (H′ = 1.005), indicating community imbalance due to the dominance of several taxa. Hymenoptera was the dominant order, with arthropod gracilipes comprising approximately 23% of the total collected individuals. The dominance of this invasive ant species may indicate ecological pressure or habitat disturbance within the study area. Environmental measurements showed slightly acidic soil conditions with pH ranging from 5.5–5.9 and soil temperatures ranging from 25–27°C. These abiotic conditions may influence the distribution and abundance of soil arthropod communities. The findings provide preliminary ecological data for biodiversity monitoring and conservation management in semi-arid conservation ecosystems, particularly in the Madapangga Nature Park area and similar environments in Nusa Tenggara.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olahairullah, Ariyansyah, Mulisa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Teaching Materials to Improve Student Learning Outcomes Using Learning Videos for Grade V Elementary School
This research aims to develop video-based mathematics teaching materials for grade V elementary school students, as a solution to low learning outcomes and the use of conventional teaching materials that are less attractive. The development model used is ADDIE, which includes the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. The analysis was carried out by curriculum studies, observations, and interviews with teachers to find out the needs of students. The design stage involves planning materials, video structures, interactive quizzes, and contextual practice questions. Product development is validated by material, media, and language experts using Aiken's V analysis, which indicates all aspects are in the valid category. Implementation is carried out in learning to assess the effectiveness and practicality of teaching materials. The results of the study show that video teaching materials are effective in improving students' understanding of mathematics materials, and are considered practical and interesting by teachers and students. This product is able to present material visually, interactively, and relevant to daily life. Therefore, this video-based teaching material can be an alternative to improve the quality of mathematics learning in grade V of elementary school.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emi Liarni, Ramalis Hakim, Abna Hidayati, Zuwirna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Promoting Critical Thinking through an SDG-Integrated STEAM E-Module for Grade X High School Students
This research aims to produce STEAM-based E-Modules that are valid, practical, and effective in improving students' critical thinking skills in mathematics subjects. This research uses the ADDIE development model with five steps: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The validity of the E-Module was tested by four validators, namely experts in instruments, media, materials, and languages. Trial I involved 3 students, while trial II was carried out on 2 educators and 25 students. The results showed that the STEAM-based E-Module on linear program materials had excellent validity, with a score of 83% for product experts, 93% for subject matter experts, and 93% for linguists. The practicality of this E-Module is very high, with the trial of students obtaining a score of 98% and educators 96%, both of which are in the category of "Very Practical". The effectiveness of this E-Module can be seen from the increase in student learning outcomes, namely from a pretest score of 49.60 to a posttest score of 81.40, with an N-gain of 0.62 which is included in the "Medium" category. In addition, students' critical thinking abilities earned an average score of 3.03 out of 4, which indicates the "Pretty Good" category. The results of this study show that STEAM-based E-Modules are effective in improving students' critical thinking skills and are practically used in mathematics learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pauzi, Rayendra, Abna Hidayati, Ulfia Rahmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Expert Validation of the PjBL-STEAM-IC Model for SOLO-Based Thinking Skills and Environmental Awareness in Coastal Schools
Coastal science learning in Pagimana, Central Sulawesi, has not adequately connected local environmental problems with students’ thinking development and environmental awareness. This study aimed to develop and examine the expert validity of the PjBL-STEAM-IC model, in which IC denotes Innovation and Creativity, for SOLO-based thinking skills and environmental awareness in coastal schools. Using an adapted Borg and Gall research and development procedure, this article reports the needs analysis, hypothetical model design, development of instructional materials and research instruments, expert validation, and Product Revision I. Three validators evaluated the model and its supporting products; their ratings were analysed using Aiken’s V, and their written recommendations were examined descriptively. The developed model comprises six phases linking coastal environmental problems, STEAM-IC project activities, SOLO-based reasoning, and four dimensions of environmental awareness: knowledge, attitude, behaviour, and skills. All validated components were classified as very valid, with Aiken’s V coefficients ranging from 0.902 to 0.961. Expert feedback led to clearer operational syntax, stronger theoretical mapping, more explicit STEAM-IC integration, improved alignment with SOLO-based thinking and environmental awareness, and refinement of the student response questionnaire. The model and its supporting products were therefore considered sufficiently valid to proceed to subsequent classroom field testing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Srilesnawati Lalusu, Elya Nusantari, Frida Maryati Yusuf, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Hartono Mamu, Muhammad Rifai Katili, Masra Latjompoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Deep Learning-Based E-LKPD in Physics Learning to Improve Critical Thinking and Creative Thinking Skills of High School Students
The low critical and creative thinking skills of eleventh grade students at SMAN 1 Lembah Melintang on mechanical wave material, reaching only 38.20% and 47.10% respectively, indicate an urgent need for innovative teaching materials. This study aims to develop a Deep Learning-based Electronic Student Worksheet (E-LKPD) assisted by Heyzine on Mechanical Wave material to improve critical and creative thinking skills of high school students. The research used Research and Development (R&D) method with the Plomp model encompassing three phases: preliminary research, prototyping phase, and assessment phase. The E-LKPD integrates three pillars of Deep Learning: Meaningful Learning, Joyful Learning, and Mindful Learning. The results show that the developed E-LKPD: (1) was declared very valid with an average Aiken V value of 0.87; (2) was declared very practical with a score of 88.54% according to teachers and 84.32% according to students; and (3) proved very effective in improving critical thinking skills from 38.20% to 80.93% and creative thinking from 47.10% to 81.90%, with N-Gain values of 0.691 (medium) and 0.658 (medium) respectively. This Deep Learning-based E-LKPD is suitable as an innovative alternative teaching material in high school physics learning aligned with the demands of the Merdeka Curriculum.
Copyright (c) 2026 Linda Khoiro, Yohandri, Fatni Mufit, Emiliannur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quality Stability of Spent Laying Hen Patties Supplemented with Lemongrass Powder During Refrigerated Storage for Sustainable Meat Product Development
Spent laying hen meat processed into patties is susceptible to quality deterioration during refrigerated storage. This study evaluated the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of spent laying hen patties supplemented with 1.50% lemongrass powder during refrigerated storage at 4.00°C. Observations were conducted on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. The analyzed parameters included pH, peroxide value, color (L*, a*, b*), texture, moisture content, Total Plate Count (TPC), and sensory attributes. Statistical evaluation was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test applied for multiple comparisons among storage periods. Storage duration significantly affected all observed parameters (p<0.01). During storage, pH increased from 5.56 to 6.08, peroxide value increased from 0.67 to 1.51 meq/kg, moisture content increased from 56.28% to 59.54%, and TPC increased from 1.71 to 2.82 log CFU/g. In contrast, texture decreased from 11.31 to 8.27 N, accompanied by reductions in color and sensory acceptance scores. Overall, the addition of 1.50% lemongrass powder helped maintain the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory quality of spent laying hen patties, particularly up to 14 days of refrigerated storage, supporting the development of sustainable meat products with added value.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nimas Dwi Sukmawardani, Herly Evanuarini, Dedes Amertaningtyas, Ria Dewi Andriani, Eko Widodo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of a Multimedia-Oriented Problem-Based Learning Model to Support SDG 4: Quality Education for Grade IV Elementary School Students
This research is motivated by the low involvement of students in learning Pancasila Education in elementary schools, the limited use of innovative interactive learning media, and the need for a learning model that is able to develop critical, collaborative, and problem-solving skills. This research aims to develop a Canva-based interactive multimedia oriented to the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model that is valid, practical, and effective in improving the learning outcomes of grade IV elementary school students in the subject of Pancasila Education. This type of research is research and development using the ADDIE model which includes five stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The validity of the product is assessed by subject matter experts, media experts, and linguists. Practicality was measured through the responses of teachers and students using questionnaires, while effectiveness was tested through a comparison of pretest and posttest results analyzed using the N-Gain formula. The results of the study showed that the interactive multimedia developed obtained a very valid category with an average score of 89.56%. In addition, this media is stated to be very practical based on positive responses from teachers and students, especially in the aspects of ease of use, attractive visual appearance, and clarity of navigation. In terms of effectiveness, interactive multimedia has been proven to be able to improve students' learning outcomes with an N-Gain value of 77.67 which is included in the high category. Thus, Canva-based interactive multimedia oriented to the PBL model can be an innovative learning media alternative that is valid, practical, and effective to improve the quality of learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Endang Saputra, Alwen Bentri, Jasrial, Ulfia Rahmi, Rayendra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of Utopia and Graxpert AI in Studying Celestial Objects to Support Research and Education Interests at the High School Level, and Public Outreach
UTOPIA is a remotely operated robotic telescope developed by Observatorium Astronomi Itera Lampung (OAIL) to support astronomy education and research. Integrated with an Android-based control system, it enables remote observations and is applied across different levels of astronomy education. This study integrates UTOPIA with GraXpert, an open-source artificial intelligence tool for astronomical image enhancement through background extraction and noise reduction. A program involving 30 senior high school students was conducted through guided celestial observations, data acquisition, and collaborative image analysis. Participants were introduced to optical telescope principles, CCD imaging, and basic astronomical data processing, while GraXpert was used to enhance nebular image quality and visualization. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated using pre-test and post-test assessments. Results show a significant increase in understanding, with the mean score rising from 10.33 to 25.10 and a normalized gain of 0.75, indicating high conceptual improvement. Questionnaire results indicate positive learning perception, with most participants reporting improved understanding of nebular objects and better comprehension of the UTOPIA system, reflected in dominant positive responses. These findings demonstrate that integrating robotic telescopes with AI-based image processing supports astronomy education and improves students’ conceptual understanding through inquiry-based activities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iwan Maryawan, Robiatul Muztaba, Herpratiwi, Sowiyah, Melya Riniarti, Ririn Andriyani, Aditya Abdillah Yusuf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of SDG-Oriented Natural and Social Sciences Teaching Materials Using Mind Mapping for Grade IV Elementary School Students
This research aims to develop valid, effective, and practical teaching materials based on mind mapping for Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) subjects for fourth grade elementary school students, which is motivated by low learning outcomes and student motivation due to the use of less interesting conventional materials. The method used is development with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation), with data collected through class observation, interviews, expert validation, questionnaires, as well as pre-tests and post-tests. The results of validation by material, media, and language experts show that the teaching material is very valid with Aiken's V scores of 0.97, 0.89, and 0.97, respectively. An effectiveness test with an N-Gain score showed a significant improvement in learning outcomes, with scores of 0.7765 (small group) and 0.7971 (large group), both in the high category. The paired sample t-test showed a significance value of p = 0.000 (< 0.05), indicating a significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test. In terms of practicality, the teaching materials received a very positive response from teachers (96.36%) and students (93.25%), which showed that the materials were easy to use, interesting, and helped the understanding of IPAS concepts. Thus, the mind mapping-based teaching materials developed in this study have proven to be feasible to improve the quality of science learning in fourth grade basic education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Idrus Salam, Ramalis Hakim, Darmansyah, Zelhendri Zen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Challenges of New Town Development at High-Speed Rail Transit Oriented Development: Case of Jakarta–Bandung HSR
This study examines the development of a sustainable new town based on Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in Tegalluar to address urban sprawl, inefficient land use, and social inequality. Using a mixed-method approach, data were collected through field surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. Spatial and SWOT analyses were employed to evaluate the characteristics, socio-economic conditions, and community perceptions. The findings reveal Tegalluar's potential as a hub for sustainable activities, supported by adequate transport infrastructure, although public accessibility and supporting facilities remain limited. The SWOT analysis identifies strengths such as strategic location and policy support, weaknesses in public services, opportunities for economic investment, and threats from social inequality. This research recommends strategies to enhance infrastructure, foster community engagement, and integrate public policy with spatial planning to realise sustainable TOD. The model could serve as a reference for new town development in Indonesia to support sustainable urban development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raden Anggara, Hayati Sari Hasibuan, Chrisna T Permana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Factors Affecting Rubber Production in Koto Alam Village, Pangkalan Koto Baru District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra Province
People's rubber plantations play an important role in the welfare of farmers, the country and the world. However, people's rubber production is still low and many rubber plants are unproductive. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence rubber production in Nagari Koto Alam, Pangkalan Koto Baru District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. This research was conducted conducted from March 2020 to July 2020. The research method used multiple linear regression and purposive sampling. The results of the study showed test regression R square = 0.827 was obtained, meaning that 82.7 % of the variables of land area, labor, and number of rubber trees were able to explain rubber production. Land area had 1.791 coefficient, a positive and significant effect. So, rubber farmers must expanded their land area Farmers. The number of rubber trees had a negative (0.099) and significant effect. Because did not maintain rubber trees properly, and many rubber plants was damaged. Labor had a negative (2.086) and insignificant effect on rubber production. So it is necessary to increase the maintenance and rejuvenation of rubber plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Helentina Situmorang, Mukhlis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STEM-PBL Instructional Materials to Support Quality Education through Chemical Literacy in Thermochemistry
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of STEM-Problem Based Learning (STEM-PBL) instructional materials in improving students’ chemical literacy on thermochemistry topics. This study employed a quasi-experimental method using a pretest-posttest control group design. The participants were 56 Chemistry Education students divided into an experimental class and a control class, each consisting of 28 students. Data were collected using a validated and reliable essay test (Cronbach’s α = 0.85). The results showed that the experimental class improved from 36.11 to 88.50, while the control class improved from 31.50 to 78.43. An independent samples t-test revealed a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the effect size analysis yielded a Cohen’s d value of 1.16, indicating a large effect. These findings suggest that STEM-PBL instructional materials effectively improve students’ chemical literacy, particularly in conceptual understanding, critical thinking, and problem-solving related to thermochemistry. In conclusion, STEM-PBL instructional materials are effective and feasible for enhancing chemical literacy and supporting quality, contextual, and 21st-century-oriented chemistry learning at the university level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwy Puspita Sari, Mutiara Agustina Nst, Ani Sutiani, Ratu Evina Dibyantini, Alfira Julian Pratiwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Guided Inquiry with STEAM: Fostering Critical Thinking on Fluid Statics Concepts
Critical thinking is one of the higher levels of thinking. This study aims to determine the level of critical thinking of students using the STEAM-integrated guided inquiry learning model on static fluid material. The research method used is mixed methods that focuses on the design of embedded experimental models. The subjects in this study consisted of 11th grade high school students in Salatiga. Data from this study were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The conclusion of this study is that there is an increase before and after being taught using STEAM-integrated guided inquiry learning. This is evidenced by the results of the analysis of students' critical thinking levels which were previously in the good category of 3.12%, moderate 31.25%, poor 28.12%, and very poor 37.5% and after learning using STEAM-integrated guided inquiry learning are in the very good, good, and moderate categories. The percentages are very good 6.25%, good 53.12%, and moderate 40.62%.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prima Warta Santhalia, Diane Noviandini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nanogel Formulation of Butterfly Pea Flower Extract (Clitoria ternatea L.) Against Propionibacterium acnes Bacteria Inhibitory Test
The chemical components of butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) have a strong bacterial inhibition zone. The aim of this research is to make nanogels using the active ingredient ethanol extract of butterfly pea flowers and demonstrate the antibacterial activity of nanogels against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Because nanogels are more stable, translucent, and have small particle sizes making them efficient in releasing active chemicals and increasing bioavailability, nanogels are used in tropical medicine. Maceration is the extraction technique used. Nanogel of butterfly pea flower ethanol extract (BPFEE) was added to the nanogel formulation at concentrations of F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%). Transmission testing is part of the ideal formula; Other tests for characterization include phytochemical, organoleptic, particle size, pH, adhesion, spreadability and viscosity tests. Next, antibacterial activity was tested against Propionibacterium acnes using the well method. The research results showed that the % transmittance was 84-88%, the organoleptic results were in the form of a gel, color and distinctive aroma, particle size 114.9 – 283.9 mm, pH 5.6 – 6, adhesive power 1.36 – 2.1 seconds, spreadability 4.8-5.6 cm, viscosity 4071 – 3043.75 mPa.S. Telang flower ethanol extract nanogel can inhibit the growth of P. acnes bacteria, namely 8.2-11.7 mm.
Copyright (c) 2026 Niluh Puspita Dewi, Radhika, Magfirah, Indah Kurnia Utami, Yasinta Rakanita, Nur Ramadhani, Nuraisya, Ni Ketut Marlina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Biomass Waste to Functional Iron Oxides: Mechanistic Understanding, Structure Engineering, and Environmental Applications
Biomass-mediated green synthesis of iron oxide nanomaterials has gained increasing attention as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods, offering lower energy requirements, reduced chemical toxicity, and intrinsic surface functionalization. Unlike previous reviews that mainly summarize synthesis routes or environmental applications separately, this review establishes an integrated structure–property–performance framework to systematically correlate biomass chemistry, phase evolution, and functional remediation behavior of iron oxide nanomaterials. A structured scoping review was conducted by analyzing 42 peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2024, selected from major scientific databases using predefined inclusion criteria emphasizing crystalline phase identification, quantitative structural characterization, and measurable environmental performance. Comparative synthesis of the collected data reveals that phytochemical constituents, particularly polyphenols and organic acids, regulate Fe³⁺ reduction, chelation equilibria, nucleation kinetics, and phase selectivity among Fe₃O₄, γ-Fe₂O₃, and α-Fe₂O₃. Fe₃O₄-rich systems exhibited smaller particle sizes (10–30 nm), higher saturation magnetization (30–70 emu g⁻¹), and superior pollutant removal efficiencies (90–99%), while γ-Fe₂O₃ showed moderate magnetic properties (20–50 emu g⁻¹) and α-Fe₂O₃ displayed larger particle sizes (30–60 nm), lower magnetization (<2 emu g⁻¹), but greater thermodynamic stability. Adsorption capacities ranged from 30–250 mg g⁻¹ depending on pollutant type and phase composition. Despite these promising performances, variability in biomass composition, phase instability, and inconsistent testing protocols remain major barriers to reproducibility and scalability. This review provides a quantitative and mechanistic framework to guide rational synthesis design, improve reproducibility, and accelerate scalable deployment of biomass-derived iron oxide nanomaterials for environmental remediation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewi Kurnianingsih Arum Kusumahastuti, November R. Aminu, Agung R. Gintu, Emmanuel Hernanda Yustisia Susanto, Gecia Ovi Wulandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation Analysis between Understanding Biochemistry Concepts and Chemistry Education Students' Problem-Solving Skills through Validated HOTS Instruments
Understanding biochemistry concepts and problem-solving skills are essential competencies for chemistry education students in facing the demands of 21st-century science learning. However, empirical evidence regarding the relationship between these competencies measured through Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)-based instruments remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between students’ understanding of biochemistry concepts and their problem-solving skills using validated HOTS instruments. A quantitative correlational design was employed involving 60 Chemistry Education students who had completed the Biochemistry course. Data were collected using a HOTS-based biochemistry concept understanding test and a HOTS-based problem-solving skills test. The instruments were validated by experts and tested for reliability. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis after fulfilling normality and linearity assumptions. The results showed that the mean score of biochemistry concept understanding was 72.35 (SD = 8.42), while the mean score of problem-solving skills was 68.10 (SD = 9.15). The normality and linearity tests indicated that the data met the requirements for parametric analysis. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant correlation between biochemistry concept understanding and problem-solving skills (r = 0.63, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (r² = 0.40) indicated that understanding biochemistry concepts contributed 40% to the variance in students’ problem-solving skills. These findings demonstrate that stronger conceptual understanding is associated with better problem-solving performance. In conclusion, understanding biochemistry concepts significantly contributes to the development of students’ problem-solving skills. Therefore, integrating HOTS-oriented learning and assessment into biochemistry instruction is recommended to enhance conceptual mastery and higher-order thinking skills among prospective chemistry teachers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mariati, Insan Nuhari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nested-local Wisdom Model for Sustainable Science Education: Enhancing Students’ Conceptual Knowledge and Communication Skills
When science is perceived as disconnected from learners’ social dan cultural contexts, students’ engagement and identity in learning science decline. This study evaluates a nested-local wisdom approach integrating the cultural context of Pinisi boats to enhance students’ conceptual knowledge, communication skills, and concept maps, supporting more meaningful and sustainable science education. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest involving students from SMPN 32 Bulukumba. Two intact classes (n = 31 each) were selected, and their equivalence was verified using pretest scores and academic records. Data were analyzed using MANOVA dan ANOVA. The results revealed a significant multivariate effect the learning model on all dependent variables (Wilks’ Lambda = 0.212, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.788), indicating a large effect size. Furthermore, ANOVA results revealed the largest effect size in concept maps (ηp² = 0.682), followed by communication skills (ηp² = 0.642) and conceptual knowledge (ηp² = 0.449). These findings suggest that integrating local wisdom within a nested learning structure supports the development of key science competencies, particularly conceptual knowledge and communication skills, through culturally meaningful learning. Therefore, the nested-local wisdom approach offers a contextually relevant and pedagogically grounded strategy for advancing sustainable science education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Asmar, I Gusti Putu Suryadarma, Yuliyanti, Lakilo Laruli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Palu Local Shallots
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) play an important role in improving soil microbial populations and enhancing plant growth and nutrient uptake. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different PGPR concentrations on bacterial colony populations, growth performance, biomass production, and nitrogen uptake of Palu Valley shallot plants. The experiment consisted of four treatments: control (F0), PGPR 10 mL (F1), PGPR 15 mL (F2), and PGPR 20 mL (F3). The observed variables included bacterial colony population, number of shallot bulbs, fresh biomass, dry biomass, and nitrogen uptake. The results showed that PGPR application increased the bacterial colony population in soil, with the highest population recorded in treatment F3 (3.90 × 10⁶ CFU g⁻¹ soil). The average number of shallot bulbs increased from 9 bulbs plant⁻¹ in the control to 12 bulbs plant⁻¹ in treatments F2 and F3. Fresh biomass and dry biomass also increased with higher PGPR concentrations, reaching 11.95 g and 2.42 g respectively in F3. Nitrogen uptake showed a gradual increase from 1.61% in the control to 1.69% in F3. These findings indicate that PGPR application improves soil microbial populations, plant growth, biomass accumulation, and nitrogen uptake in Palu Valley shallot plants, with the 20 mL PGPR (F3) treatment providing the most effective results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Indriani Bangkele, Sri Sudewi, Idris, Ratnawati, Arfan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Augmented Reality-Based Play Activities on Children's Social and Emotional Skill Moderated by Parental Involvement
The study aims to analyze the influence of augmented reality (AR)-based play activities on children's social and emotional skills moderated by their parents' involvement. We employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design involving 30 children in Group B of Angkasa 3 Mandai Kindergarten, Maros Regency, in the 2024–2025 academic year. Data were collected through structured observation and questionnaires, then analyzed using descriptive statistics and moderated regression. The results showed that AR-based play activities positively and significantly influenced children's social and emotional development (β = 0.612; p < 0.05), and parental involvement significantly strengthened this influence (β = 0.289; p = 0.012). These findings confirm that the impact of AR learning in early childhood education will be more effective if supported by active parental involvement through continuous collaboration with teachers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kusmaladewi, Nurdin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of an E-Module Adapted to the Independent Curriculum Informatics Subject on the Basic Elements of Technology and Information for Phase E Grade 10 Students
This study aims to develop an e-module for Informatics learning based on the Independent Curriculum, focusing on the Basic Elements of Technology and Information for grade X phase E students. The development employed the ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate) to produce a systematic structure and contextual content. Validation results indicated that the e-module was in the valid category, while practicality tests from teachers and students showed it to be very practical and practical, respectively. Effectiveness testing also demonstrated improved learning outcomes in the experimental class compared to the control class. These findings highlight that the e-module effectively facilitates the understanding of abstract Informatics concepts, encourages higher-order thinking skills, and increases learning motivation. Therefore, the developed e-module is considered valid, practical, and effective for use, with potential adaptability to support learning in other subjects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afri Ola Dewi, Hendri, Yasdinul Huda, Rizky Ema Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effects of Tourist Activities on Bird Species Diversity in the Tambing Lake Area, Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
The increase in tourism activity in the Lake Tambing area has the potential to put pressure on the ecosystem, especially on wildlife that is sensitive to human disturbance. Lake Tambing located in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, is an area of ​​high ecological value and home to a variety of endemic flora and fauna. This study aimed to analyze the potential of fauna, particularly bird populations, as indicators of ecological conditions and to observe the impact of tourism activities on bird diversity. The study was conducted from February to June 2025 at the camping ground and on the trackings trail using the line transect method. Data analysis included the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, evenness index, dominance index, and t-tests for comparisons between habitats. The study identified 56 bird species from 30 families, of which 26 are endemic to Sulawesi. Diversity index values ​​ranged from 2.79 to 3.28, indicating moderate to high levels of diversity. Statistical tests showed that tourist activity had no significant impact on bird diversity in either habitat type. This indicates that anthropogenic disturbance at Lake Tambing remains at a low level. These findings provide an important scientific basis for sustainable tourism practices, standardization of birdwatching site design, and effective endemic species conservation efforts in the Lake Tambing area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sustri, Sri Ningsih, Naharuddin, Rukmi, Alam Ansary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soil in the Habitat of Gymnostoma rumphianum (Miq.) L.A.S. Johnson in Tojo Una-Una Regency, Central Sulawesi
Sulawesi, particularly the Wallacea region, has a unique yet extreme ultramafic ecosystem for vegetation growth due to nutrient limitations and high heavy metal concentrations. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the habitat of Gymnostoma rumphianum (Miq.) L.A.S. Johnson in Tojo Una-Una Regency, Central Sulawesi. The study was conducted in Betaua and Podi Villages by dividing the locations based on distance from the river flow. Physical parameters analyzed included bulk density, soil texture, and permeability, while chemical parameters included N, P, K, pH, organic C, C/N ratio, and electrical conductivity (DHL). The results showed that the soil texture in Betaua Village was dominated by sand fractions, while Podi Village was dominated by silt fractions due to the influence of river sedimentation. Chemically, the soil is alkaline (pH 8.05–8.28) with low to very low nitrogen and phosphorus content, but has moderate potassium availability. The presence of G. rumphianum, an actinorhizal plant capable of fixing nitrogen, is a key factor in the adaptation and sustainability of vegetation in this marginal land. This study concludes that despite extreme edaphic constraints, soil-plant interactions and local environmental dynamics such as fluviality significantly determine the structure of the ultramafic habitat in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmawati, Yusran, Zulkaidhah, Retno Wulandari, Rukmi, Ramadanil Pitopang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation and Antibacterial Activity Test of Lactid Acid Bacteria (LAB) from Pliek U and Pliek U Oil (Minyeuk Brok)
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are a group of microorganisms that play a crucial role in the fermentation of various traditional foods. The presence of LAB in fermented food results in the production of various types of metabolite compounds that can act as antimicrobials. The objective of this study is to isolate and characterise LAB from pliek u and pliek u oil (minyeuk brok), and to determine their potential antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The disc diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity. The results showed two LAB isolates from pliek u (IPU2 and IPU7) and one LAB isolate from pliek u oil (minyeuk brok) (IMP1). The colonies are cream-coloured, cocci in shape, with smooth edges and a raised elevation. The cells exhibit Gram-positive cocci and bacilli. Isolate IPU2 has the largest average inhibition zone diameter against Staphylococcus aureus (6.35 mm) but does not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli.
Copyright (c) 2026 C Yulvizar, Y S Ismail, Amalina, S Mahzura, S A Zazila, A Haq, Fahrinnisa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of a Web-Based CBT Worksheet for Routine Motorcycle Maintenance
This study aimed to develop a web-based electronic jobsheet system for the periodic motorcycle service subject at SMK Negeri 4 Palembang using the ADDIE model. The development was motivated by the continued use of paper-based practical assessment, which limits documentation and digital integration in vocational learning. The system integrates learning materials, digital jobsheets, procedural checklists, evidence uploads, and assessment features within a platform. The study employed the ADDIE stages of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Effectiveness testing was conducted during the implementation phase involving 66 Grade XI Motorcycle Engineering students, consisting of 32 students in the experimental class and 34 students in the control class. Data were collected through validation sheets, practicality questionnaires, and pre-test/post-test instruments. The developed system achieved an average validity score of 94.44% and a practicality score of 84.21%, categorized as Very Valid and Very Practical. Learning outcomes in the experimental class improved based on the Paired Sample t-test, with mean scores increasing from 80.28 to 90.16. The N-Gain score was 0.42, categorized as moderate, and slightly higher than the control class score of 0.39. Practical performance was higher, with mean scores of 89.23 and 78.41 respectively. These findings indicate that the developed system is effective.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naufal, Arwizet K, Wawan Purwanto, Ika Parma Dewi, Abdul Habib Arrasyidi Desky https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analysis of the Needs for Developing a CPS–EIS (Collaborative Problem Solving for Environmental Issue-Based Socio-Scientific Issues) Based Environmental Change E-Module as an Effort to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Skills
This study aims to analyze the need for developing an e-module based on Collaborative Problem Solving for Environmental Issue-Based Socio-Scientific Issues (CPS–EIS) on environmental change as an effort to improve students' critical thinking skills. This research employed a descriptive design with a needs analysis approach, conducted in December 2025 at a public high school in Karanganyar, involving 10th-grade students and biology teachers. Data were collected through Likert-scale questionnaires and interviews, then analyzed using percentage techniques and qualitative interpretation. The results indicate that although the level of difficulty of environmental change material was relatively low (42.57%), the current learning process remains less engaging and lacks structured problem-solving activities. Students showed a high need for multimedia integration (76.00%), strong readiness for collaboration (84.28%), and high interest in critical thinking-oriented learning (84.00%). From the teachers’ perspective, there was an absolute need (100%) for e-modules that present real-life environmental cases, facilitate collaboration, provide clear problem-solving steps, and integrate multimedia elements. These findings highlight a gap between existing learning conditions and the expectations of interactive, student-centered, and contextual learning. In conclusion, the development of a CPS–EIS-based e-module is strongly needed as an innovative solution to support meaningful learning, bridge theory and real-world environmental issues, and enhance students’ critical thinking skills in the digital era.
Copyright (c) 2026 Endah Pratiwi, Baskoro Adi Prayitno, Umi Fatmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Made from Gamal Leaves (Gliricidia sepium) on the Growth of Stone Begonia (Begonia sp.) Cuttings
Fertilisation is a key factor in improving the productivity and quality of stone mistletoe (Begonia sp.) plants; one method is the application of liquid organic fertiliser made from gamal leaves. This study aimed to determine the effect of the concentration of liquid organic fertiliser made from gamal leaves on the growth of stone mistletoe cuttings. This study employed a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with a single factor comprising six treatment levels and three replicates. The concentrations used were as follows: K0: Control, K1: 40 ml/l water, K2: 80 ml/l water, K3: 120 ml/l water, K4: 160 ml/l water and K5: 200 ml/l water. The observational data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and where a significant effect was found, this was followed by a BNJ test at the 5% significance level. The results of the study showed that treatment K3 (120 ml/litre of water) had the most favourable effect on all observed variables, namely shoot length, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width and root length.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmi, Ramal Yusuf, Nadine, Rahmat, Moh. Ilwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synergistic Effect of Amino Acids and NPK on Growth Dynamics, Yield Components, and Grain Productivity of Inpari 32 Rice Variety (Oryza sativa L)
Rice productivity improvement is essential to support food security and sustainable agricultural development. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of amino acids and NPK fertilizer on growth dynamics, yield components, and grain productivity of the Inpari 32 rice variety (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was conducted in Sukatani Village, Subang Regency, Indonesia, from July to October 2025 using a Randomized Block Design with nine treatment combinations consisting of three amino acid concentrations (5, 10, and 15 mL L⁻¹) and three NPK fertilizer doses (50, 100, and 150 kg ha⁻¹), replicated three times. Observed parameters included plant height, tiller number, leaf area index, productive tillers, panicle number, filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, harvest dry grain yield, and milled dry grain yield. The results showed that the combination of 10 mL L⁻¹ amino acids and 100 kg ha⁻¹ NPK fertilizer produced the highest plant height (74.42 cm), tiller number (26.20 tillers), productive tillers (19.37), filled grains per panicle (126.57 grains), 1000-grain weight (26.50 g), and milled dry grain yield (7.93 kg plot⁻¹). The synergistic interaction between amino acids and NPK improved nutrient uptake efficiency and physiological performance, resulting in higher grain productivity. Therefore, the combined application of amino acids and NPK fertilizer can be recommended as an effective strategy for sustainable rice production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tita Kartika Dewi, Wirja, Chalvyn Silasa Pakidi, Ida Marina, Mukhlis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Android-Based Learning and Learning Motivation on Learning Outcomes in Computer Science in the 10th Grade at SMK Negeri 1 Sumatera Barat
This study aims to analyze the effects of Android-based learning and learning motivation on the Informatics learning outcomes of tenth-grade students at SMK Negeri 1 Sumatera Barat. Android-based learning is increasingly important in vocational education because it supports the development of digital competencies and independent learning skills required in the digital era. Previous studies have generally examined Android-based learning and learning motivation separately, while evidence regarding their interaction remains limited. This study employed a quasi-experimental method with a 2 × 3 factorial design involving 84 students in experimental and control classes. Data were collected using a learning motivation questionnaire and a learning outcomes test and analyzed through descriptive statistics and Two-Way ANOVA. The results showed that the experimental class achieved a higher mean posttest score (78.61) than the control class (68.33). The N-Gain score was also higher in the experimental class (0.55) than in the control class (0.34). Two-Way ANOVA revealed significant effects of the learning model (F = 32.47, p < 0.05), learning motivation (F = 22.86, p < 0.05), and their interaction (F = 6.43, p < 0.05) on learning outcomes. These findings indicate that Android-based learning is more effective when supported by high student motivation. This study provides empirical evidence for integrating technology-enhanced learning and motivational factors in vocational Informatics education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Novita Sari, Rizky Ema Wulansari, Syahril, Ika Parma Dewi, Abdul Habib Arrasyidi Desky, Liza Mahera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Qualitative and Quantitative Traits of Thin Tail Ewes in Bojonegoro East Java, Indonesia
Thin-tail sheep is a local genetic resource widely raised by farmers and requires conservation through appropriate breeding programs. This study aimed to characterize quantitative and qualitative traits of thin-tail ewes reared at PT Juara Farm, Bojonegoro. A total of 66 ewes aged 1–4 years were observed, with quantitative traits including body weight, body length, body height, and chest girth, and qualitative traits focusing on tail shape. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that all body measurements increased with age, with body weight ranging from 23.08 ± 3.83 kg in 1 – <2 years to 29.25 ± 3.79 kg in 3–4 years. Similar increasing trends were observed for body length, body height, and chest girth. Three tail shapes were identified: triangular (48.48%), straight (42.42%), and sigmoid (9.10%). The coefficient of variation indicated that body weight had higher variability compared to other traits. In conclusion, thin-tail ewes exhibit age-related increases in body size with moderate phenotypic variability, providing baseline information for breeding and conservation programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irida Novianti, Mashudi, M. Halim Natsir, Poespitasari H. Ndaru, Veronica Margareta Ani Nurgiartiningsih, Sambas Widiyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Sustainable Wastewater Treatment: Kinetic and Parametric Study of Methylene Blue Removal Using Electrocoagulation
This study investigates the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) from synthetic wastewater using a batch electrocoagulation (EC) reactor with two pairs of parallel monopolar iron electrodes, directly supporting Sustainable Development Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). Operational parameters, including initial pH, inter-electrode distance, applied voltage, and electrolysis time, were systematically evaluated. Within 15 minutes of electrolysis, a color removal efficiency of over 80% was achieved at an applied voltage of 10 V and an inter-electrode distance of 5 mm. Treatment efficiency decreased to 60.13% when the inter-electrode distance was widened to 10 mm due to increased cell resistance. Conversely, increasing the voltage from 10 V to 20 V and 30 V significantly enhanced the process efficiency. The MB removal rate was validated using a mass transfer-based kinetic model solved via the 4th-order Runge-Kutta method. The model aligned well with experimental data, displaying a Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) range of 0.09 to 193.57. At an extended electrolysis time of 75 minutes, the average efficiency reached 92.04% across all voltage variations, proving that coagulant saturation overcomes mass transfer limitations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amir Husin, Dermala Tito A, Fadhila Fadhila, Lies Setyowati, Deny Supriharti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chemistry Identity Profiles Across Entry Cohorts Among Prospective Chemistry Teachers: Implications for Quality Education
Chemistry identity shapes students’ engagement and persistence in learning chemistry. This study profiled chemistry identity among Chemistry Education students, examined differences across entry cohorts, and tested gender differences in chemistry identity. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted with 176 students from the Chemistry Education Study Program at Universitas Tanjungpura using the 20-item Measure of Chemistry Identity (MoChI) on a 5-point Likert scale (overall reliability α = 0.91). Overall chemistry identity did not differ significantly across cohorts (p = .755), and no significant cohort differences were found in any MoChI subconstruct. Descriptively, value-related interest was the strongest component (M = 4.21–4.48), whereas feeling-related interest was the next strongest (M = 3.72–3.88). Mastery experiences (M = 3.29–3.49) and verbal persuasion (M = 3.09–3.23) were moderate, while internalized identity was the weakest dimension (M = 2.98–3.41). A Mann–Whitney U test showed a significant gender difference, with male students scoring higher than female students (p = .008, r ≈ .20). These findings suggest that students generally perceive chemistry as valuable, but internalizing a “chemistry person” identity remains less developed and requires more structured mastery experiences, credible recognition, and supportive learning environments for development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azwa Fadilla Wafiq, Oktavia Sulistina, Anugrah Ricky Wijaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancing SDG 4 Quality Education: Needs Analysis and Automated PjBL Essay Assessment Design for Projek IPAS in Vocational High Schools
The implementation of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in vocational high schools requires authentic descriptive essay assessments, yet manual grading frequently induces severe teacher fatigue and subjectivity. This study aims to analyze teachers' assessment needs and design a conceptual model for automated PjBL essay grading specifically for the Projek IPAS subject. Utilizing the initial phases of the ADDIE research and development framework, this descriptive study employed preliminary teacher interviews, field observations, and literature reviews. The needs analysis revealed a critical demand for an efficient evaluation system to mitigate educators' cognitive load. Consequently, a conceptual architecture integrating Word Count, Similarity Index, and Keyword Matching was designed strictly as an administrative and technical pre-screening mechanism, while the Timestamp parameter was relegated solely to task management. Ultimately, this automated conceptual model is projected to serve as a cognitive offloading mechanism to substantially reduce administrative burdens and potentially mitigate grading bias, empowering science educators to reallocate their energy toward authentic substantive assessment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sayid Juni Riauan, Darmansyah, Zelhendri Zen, Fetri Yeni J https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of Local Potential in Project-Based Learning: Its Impact on Critical Thinking and Scientific Attitudes of Students of SMAN 1 Darussalam
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model based on local potential on biotechnology material in improving students' critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes. The study used a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design for 35 students. The instruments were a critical thinking test and a scientific attitude observation sheet that had been declared valid and reliable (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.789). The results showed a significant increase in critical thinking skills, with an average pretest score of 17.63 increasing to 37.71 in the posttest, and an N-Gain value of 0.897 (high category). The increase occurred in all indicators, with the highest value in the indicator providing simple explanations (0.9226) and the lowest in the indicator organizing strategies and tactics (0.8723), but all in the high category. Students' scientific attitudes also increased, indicated by an average pretest score of 17.49 to 29.51 in the posttest, with an N-Gain value of 0.808 (high category). The highest improvement was found in the critical thinking indicator (0.93), while the lowest was in the collaboration indicator (0.63). Thus, the local potential-based PjBL model effectively improves students' critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes through contextual and project-based learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmadani, Evi Apriana, Nurlena Andalia, Juli Firmansyah, Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Affective–Cognitive Disparity in Contextual Science Learning: Evidence from Baduy Local Wisdom
Environmental crises require science education to develop not only environmental awareness but also students’ ability to reason about complex socio-ecological systems. This study aimed to analyze students’ Socio-Ecological Reasoning (SER) and Environmental Attitudes (EA) within contextual science learning based on Baduy local wisdom. A descriptive correlational quantitative approach was employed involving 30 seventh-grade students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using an essay-based SER test and a Likert-scale EA questionnaire and analyzed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS. The findings showed that students’ Environmental Attitudes were very high (M = 4.40), while Socio-Ecological Reasoning remained moderate (M = 3.07), indicating an affective–cognitive disparity. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a weak and non-significant relationship between both variables (r = 0.12; p > 0.05). This disparity suggests that contextual learning based on local wisdom effectively strengthens environmental values and awareness but has not fully facilitated systems thinking and higher-order reasoning skills, possibly because learning practices still emphasize value internalization more than analytical exploration. Therefore, science learning should integrate phenomenon-based and systems-oriented approaches that explicitly connect local wisdom with scientific inquiry to strengthen both affective and cognitive domains in sustainability-oriented education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eiftien Yuliar Rasyidin, Asri Widowati, Ismail Fikri Natadiwijaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bridging the Gap in Abstract Biology Concepts: A Needs Analysis for STEM-Integrated Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI) Photosynthesis Learning
This study aims to analyze teachers' needs for the development of photosynthesis learning based on Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI) integrated with the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) approach as the basis for developing learning tools. The study was conducted at the needs analysis stage within the Design-Based Research (DBR) framework using a mixed methods approach with a sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data were obtained through a survey of 33 high school biology teachers in Lampung Province using a Guttman scale-based questionnaire, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with three biology teachers. The results showed that 66.7% of teachers were not familiar with the ADI model and 54.5% had not implemented the STEM approach in learning. 90.9% of teachers had never used STEM-integrated ADI-based student worksheets, and 100% of teachers had never applied it to photosynthesis material. In addition, 75.7% of teachers had not measured critical thinking skills and 87.8% had not systematically measured collaboration skills. Interview results revealed that teachers still experience difficulties in understanding the implementation of ADI, integrating STEM in learning, developing appropriate learning tools, and facing obstacles such as the abstract nature of photosynthesis material, time constraints, and limited laboratory facilities. Based on these findings, it is recommended to develop a photosynthesis student worksheet based on STEM-integrated ADI equipped with critical thinking and collaboration assessment instruments to support more meaningful biology learning and oriented towards 21st-century skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitriyani, Neni Hasnunidah, Kartini Herlina, Chansanah Diawati, Noor Fadiawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Educational Quality Through the P4 Budgeting Model Based on BAA: A SWOT Perspective
Financial management plays a crucial role in improving educational quality; however, many educational foundations still struggle to integrate budgeting, accounting, and auditing into a comprehensive financial management framework. Previous studies have generally examined these functions separately, creating a research gap regarding the effectiveness of an integrated model in supporting educational quality and institutional sustainability. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the integrated P4–Budgeting, Accounting, and Auditing (P4-BAA) model at the Almuslim Peusangan Foundation and evaluate its contribution to educational quality improvement. This study employed a qualitative case study approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 purposively selected informants, including foundation leaders, financial managers, school principals, and administrative staff. Additional data were obtained through document analysis and direct observation. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis supported by NVivo software through coding, categorization, theme development, and triangulation. The findings show that the P4-BAA model strengthened financial planning, accountability, and transparency across educational units. Key strengths identified include institutional reputation, affordable tuition fees, and government support, while major challenges involve limited infrastructure, inadequate teacher qualifications, and unstable funding sources. The model improved budget allocation, stakeholder participation, financial reporting, and monitoring mechanisms, leading to more efficient resource utilization and stronger support for teacher development programs. The study concludes that the P4-BAA model provides a practical framework for enhancing financial governance and sustaining continuous improvements in educational quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sonny Muhammad Ikhsan Mangkuwinata, Marwan, Munawar, Saiful Bahri, Najmudin, Jamaluddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Local Wisdom-Based Rice Field Conservation Through Meugoe Customary Practices in Aceh Besar, Indonesia
This research aims to analyze the local wisdom of the community in rice field conservation and identify customary sanctions for violations that occur. The research uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of observation and interviews. The research subjects consisted of the imeum mukim, keujreun blang, and the community of Ateuk Mon Panah Village, Simpang Tiga District, Aceh Besar Regency, with a total of 30 respondents. The results of the study show that local wisdom in the form of meugoe (rice fields) customs, especially related to the order of going down to the rice fields, has been inherited from generation to generation and is still maintained to this day. In addition, there are customary sanctions imposed for violations, such as water theft, in the form of sanctions in the form of the obligation to make talam cakes up to 1000 pieces or the slaughter of goats, depending on the level of violation. Local wisdom in the practice of meugoe has been proven to be in line with the principles of rice field and environmental conservation. Therefore, the preservation of these traditional values is important to support environmental sustainability and can be used as a source of learning for the community and the world of education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Evi Apriana, Erdi Surya, Nurul Akmal, Elvrida Rosa, Elfia Yeni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Virtual Reality Media in IPAS: A Problem-Based Learning Development Study for Grade 5 Students’ Critical Thinking
This study aimed to develop Virtual Reality (VR)-based learning media integrated with the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model for fifth-grade IPAS learning. VR was used to present contextual problems at the problem orientation stage, allowing students to explore phenomena immersively before engaging in inquiry and problem-solving activities. This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model and involved 56 teachers and students from four elementary schools in Padang Ganting and Atar. Data were collected through expert validation, practicality questionnaires, and effectiveness tests. Validation by three experts resulted in an average score of 91%, consisting of content validity (85%), media validity (97%), and language validity (92%), all categorized as highly valid. Practicality tests yielded teacher scores of 93–94% and student scores of 97%, indicating a highly practical category. Furthermore, the effectiveness analysis produced an average N-Gain score of 0.8 (high category). These findings indicate that integrating immersive VR visualization with the PBL model provides meaningful learning experiences and supports the development of students’ critical thinking skills. Therefore, the developed media is feasible, practical, and effective for elementary IPAS learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lailatuz Zahra, Desyandri, Ardipal, Yeni Erita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Canva-Based Digital Physics Worksheets on Motion to Enhance Students' Scientific Literacy
This study aimed to develop and evaluate a Canva-based Digital Student Worksheet (LKPD) on motion concepts to improve students’ scientific literacy. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model, consisting of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation phases. Product feasibility was assessed through expert validation, while effectiveness was evaluated through limited field trials (n = 10) and large field trials (n = 20) conducted during the implementation phase. Scientific literacy was measured using PISA-based test items covering the dimensions of scientific content, context, and competency. The developed LKPD achieved a validity score of 93.8% (very valid). Practicality scores reached 94.0% from teachers and ranged from 90.5% to 94.5% from students, indicating a very practical category. The effectiveness evaluation revealed substantial improvements in students’ scientific literacy, with the greatest gains observed in the scientific competency dimension, particularly in explaining scientific phenomena and interpreting data related to motion concepts. N-Gain scores reached 0.71 in the limited field trial and 0.75 in the large field trial, both categorized as high. These findings indicate that the Canva-based digital LKPD is valid, practical, and effective for supporting interactive physics learning and enhancing students’ scientific literacy in secondary education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eni Sumanti Nasution, Sri Utami Kholilla Mora Siregar, Kasmawati, Randy Sanjaya, Ferawati Artauli Hasibuan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fostering Humanistic Decision-Making in Elementary Science Education Amid Artificial Intelligence Disruption: A Case Study of a School Principal
The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has created both opportunities and challenges for educational leadership, particularly in elementary science education. School principals are required to make decisions that not only support technological innovation but also uphold humanistic values in educational practice. This study aimed to analyze how the principal of SDN 06 Baruga develops humanistic decision-making in elementary science education amid Artificial Intelligence disruption. The study employed a qualitative approach using a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis involving the principal as the primary informant, supported by teachers and educational staff. Data were analyzed using the interactive model of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings revealed that the principal perceives AI as a valuable educational tool that can enhance science learning and broaden access to knowledge. However, technology is positioned as a supporting instrument rather than a substitute for teachers’ roles in education. Humanistic values, including empathy, fairness, responsibility, care, and character development, were found to guide decision-making processes. The principal also implemented various strategies to balance technological innovation with human-centered education while addressing challenges related to rapid technological change and students’ dependence on digital tools. The study concludes that humanistic decision-making provides an effective framework for integrating Artificial Intelligence into elementary science education while preserving the fundamental values of education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubakar, Aspin, Eko Saputra Nurdiansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of an Ethno-STEM Integrated Problem Based Learning Physics E-Module to Improve High School Students' Creative Thinking Skills
Twenty-first century education demands the cultivation of creative thinking, yet preliminary studies in three high schools in Solok Regency revealed that students' creative thinking skills in physics averaged only 35.5%. This study aims to develop an interactive E-Module of physics on Work and Energy that integrates Problem Based Learning (PBL) with the Etno-STEM approach using the local wisdom of the Minangkabau Rumah Gadang to improve the creative thinking skills of senior high school students. The research employed a Research and Development design using the Plomp model, which consists of three phases: preliminary research, prototyping, and assessment. The product was validated by three experts using Aiken's V; practicality was assessed by teachers (n=2) and students (n=40); and effectiveness was tested through a pretest-posttest control group design at SMA Negeri 1 Pantai Cermin (experimental n=40; control n=41). Results show that the E-Module is highly valid (V = 0.98), highly practical (89.27%), and effective in improving creative thinking skills (N-Gain = 0.66, medium-high category) with significant differences between groups (t = 6.351; p < 0.05) and classical mastery of 87.5%. The integration of PBL and Etno -STEM in a digital, mobile-friendly module proves effective in cultivating fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gusdilam Sari, Usmeldi, Desnita, Akmam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Science Teaching Materials Assisted by Augmented Reality to Improve Students' Ability in V Grade
This study aims to determine how Augmented Reality Teaching Materials can improve students' understanding and skills, given that students initially had difficulty understanding the material because the teaching method used was still the old method, commonly known as the lecture method. Here, the researcher presents a new learning concept, namely using a learning method in which students are actively involved in learning. The researcher uses the ADDIE research method, in which this research begins with At this stage, initial observations were conducted at SDN Podorejo 02, with m pages and classrooms, and a direct meeting with the principal. Next, communication with the fifth-grade homeroom teacher about IPAS subjects. The researcher analyzed how fifth-grade, After conducting an analysis and identifying the problems from the school's analysis, the researcher attempted to design and create a highly interactive learning medium that follows technological developments to replace the old learning method, which only used thick printed books and lectures, Next, for this stage, the development product is ready to be created according to the plan made by the researcher; learning media is prepared, and media is created. Media experts and material experts in their fields are also referred to as teachers, whose job is to guide and check whether the material from the media complies with existing regulations to ensure its validity. After conducting a series of tests through media experts and after going through the revision stage, the next step is to implement the media to students to see whether or not this learning media can improve student learning outcomes. After implementing the media created at Podorejo 02 Public Elementary School, the next step is to evaluate the results of the implementation which involves conducting a formative and summative evaluation to measure whether this media can improve student learning outcomes in Grade V IPAS lessons. And then this conclusion this Based on the results of the research and discussion of teaching materials assisted by Augmented Reality in IPAS lessons at Podorejo 02 Public Elementary School, the following conclusions can be drawn: Development of teaching materials assisted by Augmented Reality in IPAS lessons at Podorejo 02 Public Elementary School using the ADDIE method on the Assemblr Edu website, which shows 3D and AR technology that functions as a teaching medium that can display the shape of objects or images in 3D. Based on the responses from the students, a score of 69% was obtained, indicating an increase from the initial stage where the students did not understand the material to the stage where they became familiar with it. Therefore, this medium is categorized as suitable for use.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firstyansa Heriyanto, Eka Titi Andaryani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Integration of Fiqh and Science through Inquiry-Based Learning in the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum
This study examines the integration of Fiqh and science through inquiry-based learning within the Merdeka Belajar curriculum at MTsN 1 Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. A qualitative approach was employed using interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis to explore the implementation, benefits, and challenges of inquiry-based learning in Fiqh instruction. The findings reveal that inquiry-based learning is implemented through contextual problem stimulation, data collection from the Qur’an, Hadith, and other Islamic sources, collaborative discussions, presentations, and reflection. This approach transforms Fiqh instruction into a student-centered learning process, encouraging learners to construct knowledge through questioning, investigation, and critical reasoning. Integrating scientific perspectives enables students to connect Islamic legal principles with real-life issues, including health, hygiene, environmental sustainability, and social responsibility. As a result, students demonstrate improved critical thinking, conceptual understanding, learning autonomy, and collaboration. However, implementation is constrained by limited instructional time, varying student readiness, insufficient inquiry-based teaching materials, and restricted learning resources. Despite these challenges, inquiry-based learning effectively supports the objectives of the Merdeka Belajar curriculum by promoting independent learning, critical reasoning, and character development. Strengthening instructional design, teacher competence, and learning resources is essential for sustainable implementation in Islamic education
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahyarni Junida Nasution, Risnawati, Alpizar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Science Literacy and Critical Thinking Skills Among Students at Public Senior High Schools in Bone Regency
This study aims to analyze the relationship between students’ science literacy and critical thinking skills regarding buffer solutions. This study employs a quantitative approach using a correlational method analyzed through simple linear regression. The study population consists of all students at State Senior High Schools in Bone Regency, with samples randomly selected from one class at each school. The instruments used include a science literacy test based on PISA indicators and a critical thinking skills assessment based on Ennis’s indicators. Data were analyzed using classical assumption tests, followed by Spearman’s rank correlation and regression analysis. The results of the data analysis using the Spearman rank test showed a correlation coefficient of 0.882 with a significance value of 0.000 < α = 0.05. Meanwhile, the results of the linear regression test yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.901 with a significance value of 0.000 < α = 0.05. These results indicate that there is a significant relationship between students’ science literacy and their critical thinking skills. Science literacy makes a positive contribution to the improvement of critical thinking skills; thus, the higher the students’ science literacy, the better their critical thinking skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Nurhidayah, Eda Lolo Allo, Halimah Husain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of PQ4R-Based Microlearning on Scientific Literacy and Biology Achievement: A Quasi-Experimental Study Controlling Prior Knowledge
This study aims to analyze the effect of implementing the PQ4R learning model assisted by video microlearning on students' scientific literacy and biology learning outcomes in the nervous system material. The study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design. The experimental class was taught using the PQ4R model assisted by video microlearning, while the control class used Project Based Learning (PjBL). Video microlearning was integrated in the Read and Reflect stages to help visualize abstract nervous system concepts. The study sample consisted of 36 students in the experimental class and 35 students in the control class. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results showed that the average posttest of scientific literacy in the experimental class was 92.44, higher than the control class at 87.20. The average posttest of biology learning outcomes in the experimental class was 93.33, while the control class was 87.89. ANCOVA results showed that the learning model had a significant effect on scientific literacy (F = 29.282; p < 0.001; η² = 0.301) and biology learning outcomes (F = 26.082; p < 0.001; η² = 0.277) after initial abilities were controlled. The research findings showed that the PQ4R model assisted by microlearning videos was more effective than Project Based Learning (PjBL) in helping students understand the concept of the nervous system and improving scientific literacy and biology learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Nurfaizah Yusuf, Firdaus Daud, Ismail, Rachmawaty, Faisal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Students’ Perceptions and the Need for STEM-Based Games Box Learning Media on Environmental Pollution to Support Creative Thinking in High School Physics
This study explores students’ perceptions of creative thinking and examines the need to develop a STEM-based “Games Box” learning media for environmental pollution topics in high school physics. A descriptive quantitative approach was used, involving 277 students who completed a Likert-scale questionnaire covering six aspects, including creative thinking perception, learning media needs, STEM-based learning needs, interactive learning preferences, physical media accessibility, and readiness to use the Games Box. The findings show that students generally perceive their creative thinking abilities at a moderate level, particularly in fluency (mean = 2.87; 57.4%) and originality (mean = 2.74; 54.8%). At the same time, students express a clear need for more engaging and interactive learning media that integrate STEM approaches to help them understand abstract physics concepts more effectively. Responses also indicate a strong preference for learning media that are hands-on, game-based, and capable of making learning more meaningful and enjoyable. Overall, the results suggest that developing a STEM-based Games Box is both relevant and necessary to support creative thinking in learning environmental pollution. This study also emphasizes the importance of connecting environmental issues with physics concepts such as acoustics in noise pollution, thermodynamics in thermal pollution, and radiation in radioactive contamination. In general, the findings provide a solid foundation for designing innovative, student-centered learning media that align with the demands of 21st-century education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Selvia Mariska Syahputri, Ida Sriyanti, Ismet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Self-Concept and Achievement Motivation on Students' Biology Learning Outcomes in Public Senior High Schools
Quality education plays a crucial role in developing adaptive, innovative, and competitive individuals. In biology learning, students’ achievement is influenced not only by instructional factors but also by psychological aspects, particularly self-concept and achievement motivation. This study aims to examine the effect of self-concept and achievement motivation on the biology learning outcomes of students in public senior high schools in Sidenreng Rappang (Sidrap) Regency.This research used a quantitative ex post facto design. The population consisted of 2,361 students, with a sample of 160 selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and documentation, then analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics, including regression analysis at a 0.05 significance level. The results indicate that self-concept and achievement motivation are generally at a moderate level, while biology learning outcomes are relatively good. Self-concept has a significant effect (R = 0.763; 58.2%), and achievement motivation also shows a significant effect (R = 0.772; 59.6%). Simultaneously, both variables contribute 60.8% (R = 0.780), with achievement motivation being slightly more dominant. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening students’ self-concept and motivation to improve biology learning outcomes through supportive and student-centered learning environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tri Widya Ramadhani AY, Muhiddin Palennari, Muhammad Arsyad, Firdaus Daud, Halimah Husain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Extension Strategies for Empowering Rice Farmers in West Bangka Regency Admid The Agricultural of Era 4.0 Transformation
Agricultural extension plays a strategic role in empowering farmers through non-formal education, particularly in the era of the Agricultural 4.0 transformation, characterized by rapid developments in information technology and digital innovation. This study aims to analyze digital extension strategies in empowering rice farmers in West Bangka Regency, especially in Tebing Village, Kelapa Sub-district. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method using questionnaires distributed to 30 rice farmers selected purposively. The study focuses on farmer characteristics and the role of agricultural extension workers in strengthening farmer empowerment through digital-based communication and information systems. The findings reveal that the characteristics of farmers, including age, formal education, non-formal education, farming experience, and land ownership status, are generally categorized as moderate (40%) in influencing empowerment levels. Meanwhile, the role of extension workers was considered highly significant (80%) in supporting farmer empowerment. In the context of the digital era, extension workers increasingly function not only as facilitators and motivators but also as digital mediators who introduce farmers to information technology, online agricultural marketing, weather and price information systems, and social media-based communication platforms. The integration of digital tools enables farmers to access agricultural knowledge more efficiently, improve decision-making processes, and strengthen market connectivity. This study concludes that digital extension strategies are essential in enhancing the capacity and independence of rice farmers amid the Agricultural 4.0 transformation. The utilization of information technology and digital communication can strengthen agricultural productivity, expand farmers’ access to information, and support sustainable rural agricultural development in West Bangka Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yulia, Robika, Fika Dewi Pratiwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Needs Analysis for the Development of a Contextual Physics Interactive E-Module Based on Deep Learning to Enhance Critical Thinking Skills
Physics learning at the senior high school (SMA/MA) level still faces challenges in developing students’ critical thinking skills. This is largely due to the use of instructional materials that are less interactive and the limited implementation of contextual learning approaches. On the other hand, the rapid advancement of digital technology provides significant opportunities to create more engaging, flexible, and meaningful learning experiences through digital-based media. This study aims to analyze the need for developing a contextual physics interactive e-module based on a deep learning approach to enhance students’ critical thinking skills. The research employs a Research and Development (R&D) method using the Plomp development model, which includes the preliminary research, prototyping phase, and assessment phase, with a focus on the need analysis stage. Data were collected through tests, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation studies related to the current learning conditions in schools. The results indicate that students prefer digital-based learning as it is more engaging, interactive, and accessible anytime and anywhere. Furthermore, schools have provided adequate supporting facilities such as technological devices and internet access. However, the use of digital teaching materials in physics learning is still not optimal and has not yet integrated contextual and deep learning approaches. Therefore, the development of an interactive e-module based on deep learning is highly needed as an innovative solution to improve students’ critical thinking skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Etri Alga Vrimesty, Ratnawulan, Ahmad Fauzi, Emiliannur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Heyzine Flipbook Based E-Book for Enhancing Students’ Critical Thinking Skills of Junior high school: A Study Development
This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of a Heyzine Flipbook-based e-book in improving students’ critical thinking skills in Pancasila Education learning. The research employed a quasi-experimental design using a nonequivalent control group design. The participants consisted of two classes: an experimental class that used the Heyzine Flipbook-based e-book and a control class that used conventional textbook media. The results showed that the mean posttest score of the experimental class (83) was higher than that of the control class (60). The average N-Gain score of the experimental class was 0.66 (moderate category), while the control class obtained 0.27 (low category). The independent sample t-test indicated a significance value of p < 0.05, demonstrating a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, the effect size was categorized as large, indicating that the Heyzine Flipbook-based e-book had a strong impact on enhancing students’ critical thinking skills. Therefore, the Heyzine Flipbook-based e-book was effective as an alternative digital learning medium to support the development of students’ critical thinking skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sriyanti, Eges Triwahyuni, I Wayan Wesa Atmaja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Learning Attitudes and Study Habits on Students' Biology Learning Outcomes in Public Senior High Schools
This study aims to analyze the effect of learning attitudes and study habits on students’ biology learning outcomes in Public Senior High Schools across Kendari City. This research employed a quantitative approach with an ex post facto design involving 185 eleventh-grade students selected through proportional random sampling. Data were collected using Likert-scale questionnaires and documentation, and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that learning attitudes, study habits, and biology learning outcomes were generally in the moderate category, with mean scores of 91.86, 89.29, and 70.28, respectively. The results of the inferential analysis showed that learning attitudes had a positive and significant effect on biology learning outcomes with a contribution of (20.9%); study habits had a positive and significant effect on biology learning outcomes with a contribution of (17.9%); and learning attitudes and study habits simultaneously had a significant effect on students’ biology learning outcomes with a contribution of (21.1%), with learning attitudes as the more dominant variable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabila Nur Syahirah, Muhiddin Palennari, Muhammad Arsyad, Firdaus Daud, Halimah Husain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Augmented Reality-Assisted Learning Materials on the Coordination System to Enhance Systems Thinking Skills
This study aimed to develop Augmented Reality-assisted instructional materials on the coordination system, to describe their practicality in improving students’ systems thinking skills, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed instructional materials. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach based on the 4-D development model, which consists of four stages: define, design, develop, and disseminate. The instruments used included a needs analysis questionnaire, validity questionnaire, practicality questionnaire, learning implementation observation sheet, and a systems thinking skills pretest-posttest. The results showed that the instructional materials were highly valid, with content validity of 89.5%, construct validity of 94.8%, and attractiveness validity of 97.2%. The Augmented Reality-assisted instructional materials were practical for improving systems thinking skills, as indicated by the implementation of learning activities, which reached 92.5%. Product evaluation responses revealed that most students provided highly positive assessments, with a percentage of 97.22%, while teachers’ assessments reached 95.7%. Furthermore, the instructional materials were effective in enhancing systems thinking skills, as demonstrated by a high N-Gain score of 0.79 and a large effect size of 1.95. Based on these findings, the developed Augmented Reality-assisted instructional materials were effective in improving students’ systems thinking skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yesica Renita Putri, Dewi Lengkana, Noor Fadiawati, Viyanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electronic Nose-Based Classification of Breath Odor in Fasting and Non-Fasting Individuals Using Principal Component Analysis
Breath odor contains volatile compounds that can reflect the body’s metabolic condition, including those associated with fasting. This study aims to classify breath odor patterns in fasting and non-fasting individuals using an electronic nose (e-nose) combined with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. The e-nose system was developed using an array of five MQ gas sensors (MQ-2, MQ-3, MQ-4, MQ-5, and MQ-6) to detect breath samples from 100 respondents, consisting of 50 fasting and 50 non-fasting individuals. The sensor responses were recorded and analyzed using PCA for dimensionality reduction and data pattern visualization. The results show that the first two principal components account for 81.2% of the total data variance, with contributions of 56.1% from PC1 and 25.1% from PC2. The PCA score plot demonstrates a relatively clear separation between the breath odor patterns of the fasting and non-fasting groups. These findings indicate that the developed e-nose system has potential as a rapid and non-invasive method for breath-based classification.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imam Tazi, Muthmainnah, Wiwis, Yahya, Yusril https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Integration of Environmental Management Systems and Green Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Supply Chains: A Green SCOR Gap Analysis
Environmental Management Systems (EMS) have been widely implemented to improve organizational environmental performance; however, their integration with Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) remains limited, particularly in the seafood processing industry. This study aims to evaluate the gap between operational-level EMS implementation and integrated GSCM practices at PT. IAMBEU Mina Utama while identifying priority improvement areas to strengthen sustainable supply chain performance. A quantitative-evaluative case study approach was employed using the Green Supply Chain Operations Reference (Green SCOR) framework covering the Plan, Source, Make, Deliver, and Return processes. Data were collected through Likert-scale questionnaires, interviews, field observations, and document analysis. Gap analysis and priority assessment based on environmental and operational impacts were applied to determine critical Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). The results show that EMS implementation (4.20) exceeds GSCM implementation (3.89), indicating a moderate integration gap. The largest gaps were identified in the Return, Deliver, and Plan processes, while priority KPIs include waste management monitoring, circular economy implementation, supplier environmental evaluation, transportation emission monitoring, energy efficiency, and production waste management. The findings indicate that although the company has established a strong internal environmental management system, sustainability practices have not been fully integrated across the supply chain. This study contributes to the development of EMS–GSCM integration using the Green SCOR framework and provides practical recommendations to support sustainable supply chain performance in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).
Copyright (c) 2026 Putu Widya Purnama Dewi, I Made Gunamantha, Dewa Made Atmaja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Land Use on Flood Management: A Case Study of the Banjir Kanal Barat River in Semarang with HEC-RAS
Urban flooding is influenced by land use change, rainfall characteristics, river conveyance capacity, and downstream tidal conditions. This study evaluates the effect of land use conditions on hydrological response, flood inundation, and structural flood control performance using hydrological analysis and HEC-RAS modeling. The 2025 observed land use condition was classified using Landsat 9 imagery and supervised classification, while the 2031 scenario was based on the Semarang City Spatial Plan 2011–2031. The classification produced an overall accuracy of 85.42% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.83. The runoff coefficient increased from 0.41 in 2025 to 0.46 in 2031. The Nakayasu Synthetic Unit Hydrograph method estimated that the 25-year design flood discharge increased from 111.52 m³/s to 139.09 m³/s. HEC-RAS 1D/2D coupled unsteady flow simulation under the HWL condition showed that inundation increased from 12.21 ha to 17.24 ha. River normalization and levee construction improved channel conveyance capacity and reduced overflow potential in critical segments. These results indicate that integrating land use control and structural flood mitigation can support sustainable urban flood management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shevananda Arifianto, Ussy Andawayanti, Sumiadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Augmented Reality Based Comics into Chemical Bonding Instruction to Enhance Students’ Thinking Skills
This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of integrating Augmented Reality (AR)-based comics into chemical bonding instruction to enhance students’ critical thinking skills. A quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group was employed, involving 40 eleventh-grade students divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was taught using AR-based comics within a project-based learning framework, while the control group received conventional instruction without AR support. Data were collected through essay tests, observation sheets, and documentation, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, N-gain, and an independent sample t-test. The results indicate that the experimental group achieved a higher post-test mean score (75.75) compared to the control group (65.30). The N-gain score of the experimental group (0.49) was categorized as moderate, exceeding that of the control group (0.29), which was classified as low. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the integration of AR-based comics effectively enhances students’ critical thinking skills by facilitating visualization, engagement, and conceptual understanding. Therefore, this approach can serve as an innovative instructional strategy to improve the quality of chemistry learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Risqah Amaliah Kasman, Muhammad Fuad, Hastuti Agussalim, Imranah Imranah, Muhamad Fadli, Nudia Tuljannah, Siti Yasya Ey Fathanah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Intelligent Curriculum Management and Career Development Framework Integrating AI and Competency Standards in TVET
The persistent misalignment between curriculum design, competency standards, and evolving industry requirements remains a critical challenge in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). Existing curriculum practices are largely static and insufficiently integrated with structured career pathways, resulting in skill mismatches and limited workforce readiness. This study proposes an intelligent curriculum management and career development framework integrating competency standards with AI-enabled decision support. A Design Science Research (DSR) methodology was employed through problem identification, framework design, demonstration, and evaluation. The framework was validated using a three-round Delphi study with TVET and curriculum experts and an empirical case study in an Indonesian TVET institution offering Information and Communication Technology (ICT) programmes based on curriculum documents and SKKNI competency standards. Performance was evaluated using alignment accuracy, relevance, and usability indicators. The results show that curriculum–competency alignment accuracy improved from **68.40%** to **91.20%**, while the framework identified four missing competencies and three redundant curriculum units. Career pathways aligned with industry roles achieved expert consensus exceeding **85.00%**. The proposed framework provides an adaptive, AI-enabled approach for data-driven curriculum governance, competency alignment, and career pathway planning, offering a replicable model for competency-based curriculum development in TVET
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurtjahyadi, Deviana Ridhani, Syahril, Sukardi, Refdinal, Rijal Abdullah, Elfi Tasrif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Arabica Coffee Extract (Coffea arabica L.) on the Expression of Inflammatory Biomarkers and Histopathological Features of the Liver-Pancreas in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and organ damage, particularly in the liver and pancreas. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects of Arabica coffee extract (Coffea arabica L.) in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Thirty male mice were divided into five groups consisting of a negative control, a positive control treated with glibenclamide, and three treatment groups receiving Arabica coffee extract at concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100% for 21 days. Chlorogenic acid content was analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), while blood glucose levels and liver histopathology were assessed after treatment. The results showed that chlorogenic acid content reached 20.8% in the tubruk extract and 16.9% in the macerated extract. Administration of Arabica coffee extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels, with the highest reduction observed in the 100% extract group (65% on day 14 and 62% on day 21). Histopathological examination revealed improvement in liver tissue architecture, characterized by reduced parenchymatous degeneration, hydropic degeneration, and necrosis compared with the negative control group. These findings suggest that Arabica coffee extract possesses antihyperglycemic and hepatoprotective activities and may serve as a promising natural therapeutic agent for diabetes mellitus management
Copyright (c) 2026 Suyarta Efrida Pakpahan, Putri Miftahur Rizki, Putri Najwa Az-Zahra, Rendi Ramdhani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Game Based Learning in The Context of Physical Education in Indonesia
This study investigates the integration of Game-Based Learning (GBL) into physical education (PE) in Indonesia as an innovative pedagogical approach to enhance student engagement, motivation, and awareness of healthy lifestyles. GBL goes beyond standard teaching approaches by encouraging creativity, teamwork, and problem-solving abilities that are important for future difficulties. A quasi-experimental design was used with students from high schools who were split into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group took part in physical education classes that included GBL techniques, whereas the control group received traditional teaching. Information was gathered through questionnaires about motivation and classroom observations. The quantitative data was evaluated using statistical comparison methods, while the observational results were utilized to enhance the understanding of student actions and involvement. The results showed that students in the GBL group exhibited greater motivation, engagement, and active involvement compared to those in the control group. Classroom observations showed increased collaboration, enthusiasm, and involvement in learning activities among students exposed to GBL. Furthermore, students in the experimental group reported greater awareness of the importance of physical activity and healthy lifestyle practices. The integration of GBL in PE positively influenced student motivation, engagement, and health-related awareness. Although its implementation requires careful planning, adequate resources, and institutional support, GBL offers a promising approach for improving learning experiences and promoting holistic student development in Indonesian physical education settings
Copyright (c) 2026 Rohmad Subagio, Yayat Ruhiat, Nani Maryani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PhET-Aided Blended Problem Based Learning Rotation Model to Improve Junior High School Students' Higher-Order Thinking Skills
To face global challenges, students need to be equipped with Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). This study aimed at analyzing the positive contributes of the Physics Education and Technology (PhET)-aided Blended-Problem-Based Learning Rotation (BPBLR) model in improving HOTS and describing student responses to the PhET-aided BPBLR model. This study involved 98 seventh grade students in Singaraja who were spread across 3 experimental groups, namely 31, 33, 34, and without control group. This research design was a pre-test and post-test group design. The collected data were analyzed using paired-test, normalized gain (N-gain), and ANOVA. The results of the Paired-Test showed that there was a significant difference in students' HOTS achievement with the PhET-aided BPBLR Model between pretest and posttest for three groups at p < 0.05. The average N-gain HOTS values in each group are: 0.46, 0.45, and 0.46, which are in the moderate category. The ANOVA test results show that the average N-gain values of the three groups is consistent at p < 0.05. Student responses are in very high category. Thus, the use of the PhET-aided BPBLR model contributes positively to improve students' HOTS, and student responses are in very high category.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rai Sujanem, K. Suma, P. Yasa, I. Yuliana, P. Sarini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Carrying Capacity Based on Environmental Services for Food Supply in Talaga City
Environmental Carrying Capacity (ECC) for food supply is the ability of the environment to support population activities through a comparison between the need and availability of food energy. This research aims to provide initial data related to the spatial distribution of ECC for food supply in Talaga Jaya, Telaga, Telaga Biru and Tilango Sub-Districts as part of the city of Talaga and the general conditions of their status descriptions. The Environmental Service Performance Index (ESPI) of the parameters of Landscape, Natural Vegetation and Land Cover was used as a factor in distributing the availability of food energy. Land class and roads distributed population density and food energy needs. The results of the research were analyzed spatially using a supply-demand approach on a grid scale of 0.1 km x 0.1 km. The results found that the spatial distribution of ECC for food supply was in deficit status of 20.03 km2 (11.11%), balanced at 120.86 km2 (67.02%) and surplus at 39.45 km2 (21.88%). Descriptively, the deficit area cannot be covered by the surplus area if there is an energy flow because the high food energy requirement is 64.7 billion kcal/year, while the availability of food energy is only 51.4 billion kcal/year. Thus, the research area has passed the peak of its population growth and is only able to meet the food energy demand for 79.4% of its population. In this case, the government can promote agricultural commodity intensification and diversification policies to meet domestic food energy needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Talha Dangkua, Sofyan Muzakir Djibu, Ahmad Syamsu Rijal S, Irawan Matalapu; Indrawan, Karina Meiyanti Maulana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Curriculum Construction of Traditional Islamic Boarding Schools in Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatra Province
This study examines the curriculum of traditional Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) in Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia, within the context of ongoing efforts to balance classical Islamic educational traditions with contemporary educational demands. The objectives of this research are to analyze: (1) the current condition of the traditional pesantren curriculum, (2) the obstacles encountered in its implementation, and (3) the construction of the curriculum within learning practices. This research employed a qualitative field research approach conducted directly in traditional pesantren across Padang Lawas Regency. The study involved 18 traditional Islamic boarding schools as the research population. Data were collected through observations and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and were analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques to generate a comprehensive understanding of curriculum implementation and development. The findings indicate that the traditional pesantren curriculum primarily consists of learning materials, classical Islamic texts (kitab kuning), instructional methods, and evaluation systems. The curriculum is predominantly oriented toward Islamic sciences, reflecting the historical and religious identity of traditional pesantren. However, several challenges were identified, including unsystematic curriculum planning, limited diversity in teaching methods, inadequate human resource competencies, insufficient educational facilities and infrastructure, non-standardized evaluation mechanisms, low adaptability to contemporary educational developments, and management systems that remain largely traditional. The study further reveals that curriculum construction in these pesantren has gradually evolved through the integration of classical Islamic studies with general education, science and technology, and vocational competencies such as entrepreneurship. Despite these developments, Islamic studies continue to serve as the central component of the curriculum. This integration reflects an effort to maintain the authenticity of traditional Islamic education while responding to the needs of modern society. In conclusion, the traditional pesantren curriculum in Padang Lawas Regency is characterized by strong classical Islamic foundations and a commitment to preserving religious values. Nevertheless, systematic curriculum reform, improved institutional management, enhanced teaching competencies, and greater integration of contemporary knowledge are necessary to strengthen its relevance, effectiveness, and sustainability in the modern educational era.
Copyright (c) 2026 fahmi Anwar Nasution, Mas'ud Zein, Alpizar Alpizar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Public Perception of Waste Management and the Quality of Environmental Sanitation in Makassar District, Makassar City
This study aims to analyze socioeconomic status, public perceptions of waste management, and environmental sanitation quality in Makassar District, Makassar City, as well as examine their relationships. The research used an ex post facto survey method with a proportional cluster sampling technique, involving 323 households. Data were collected through Likert-scale questionnaires and documentation, then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (simple and multiple linear regression) with SPSS 26.0.The results show that socioeconomic status, public perception, and environmental sanitation quality are all in the moderate category. Partially, socioeconomic status has a positive and significant relationship with environmental sanitation quality, contributing 23.9%, while public perception contributes 2.10%. Simultaneously, both variables have a positive and significant effect with a total contribution of 23.4%. In conclusion, improving environmental sanitation quality requires simultaneous efforts through socioeconomic empowerment and strengthening public awareness of waste management.
Copyright (c) 2026 St. Nuryati R, Firdaus Daud, Halimah Husain, Muhiddin Palennari, Muhammad Arsyad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship between Discipline and Learning Motivation and the Science Learning Achievement of State Junior High School Students in Luwu Regency
This study analyzes the levels of discipline, learning motivation, and science achievement among state junior high school students in Luwu Regency, as well as their relationships both partially and simultaneously. The research uses a quantitative non-experimental design with a correlational survey approach, involving 125 students selected through proportional random sampling. Data were collected using Likert-scale questionnaires and documentation, then analyzed with descriptive statistics and linear regression. The results show that discipline (79.89), learning motivation (148.38), and science achievement (75.62) are all in the moderate category. Inferential analysis indicates that discipline has a positive and significant effect on science achievement (57.20%), while learning motivation has a stronger contribution (72.70%). Simultaneously, both variables contribute 78.50% to science achievement. In conclusion, discipline and learning motivation significantly influence science learning outcomes. Improving both in a balanced and integrated way is essential to achieve optimal student performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fadhilah Utami A, Firdaus Daud, Halimah Husain, Muhiddin Palennari, Muhammad Arsyad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Toward a Pedagogically Driven Framework for Designing a Socioscientific Inquiry-Based Learning (SSIBL) Digital Platform
Socioscientific Inquiry-Based Learning (SSIBL) requires instructional continuity across contextual exploration, scientific inquiry, evidence construction, argumentation, and assessment. However, existing digital learning environments often support these activities in isolation, resulting in fragmented pedagogical processes. This study proposes a pedagogically driven framework for designing a Socioscientific Inquiry-Based Learning (SSIBL) digital platform through the systematic identification of instructional needs, synthesis of cross-phase instructional functions, derivation of system-level design requirements, and development of an architectural framework. A design-oriented requirement elicitation approach was employed involving 45 senior high school students and six physics teachers. Data were collected using structured questionnaires covering six phases of the SSIBL workflow and analyzed through descriptive analysis, cross-phase pattern identification, instructional function synthesis, requirement translation, and architectural framework development. The findings revealed consistently high instructional needs across all SSIBL phases and identified four cross-phase instructional functions: Epistemic Structuring, Evidence Construction, Deliberative Anchoring, and Orchestration Visibility. These functions informed the derivation of system-level design requirements and the development of an architectural framework that preserves instructional continuity throughout SSIBL. The study contributes a transparent pedagogically driven framework that bridges instructional theory and educational technology design, providing a conceptual foundation for future platform development and design-based research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Yusup, Hamdi Akhsan, Murniati, Devi Ardiantini, Desilawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Emotional Intelligence, Learning Independence, and Learning Motivation on Science Learning Outcomes of Junior High School Students in State Schools
This study examined the direct and indirect effects of emotional intelligence and independent learning on science learning outcomes through learning motivation among public junior high school students in Kendari. The study employed a quantitative ex post facto design. The population consisted of all public junior high school students in Kendari City during the 2025/2026 academic year. A sample of 194 eighth-grade students from six public junior high schools was selected using proportional random sampling. Data were collected through Likert-scale questionnaires measuring emotional intelligence, independent learning, and learning motivation, while science learning outcomes were obtained from end-of-semester summative assessment scores. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and path analysis. The descriptive findings showed that students’ emotional intelligence, independent learning, and learning motivation were generally at a moderate level, whereas science learning outcomes were categorized as high. Path analysis revealed that emotional intelligence did not significantly affect learning motivation (p = 0.113). In contrast, independent learning had a significant positive effect on learning motivation (β = 0.766). Regarding science learning outcomes, neither emotional intelligence (β = −0.027) nor independent learning (β = 0.129) showed significant direct effects. However, learning motivation significantly influenced science learning outcomes (β = 0.352). The indirect effect of emotional intelligence on learning outcomes through motivation was 0.040, while the indirect effect of independent learning through motivation was 0.270. These results indicate that learning motivation plays a key mediating role in enhancing science achievement. Overall, independent learning and learning motivation contribute more substantially to students’ science learning outcomes than emotional intelligence among public junior high school students in Kendari.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alifya Suci Poetry Naf'an, Muhiddin Palennari, Muhammad Arsyad, Firdaus Daud, Halimah Husain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecological index of gastropods in the Tananan River, Mamasa Regency
Research on gastropod ecological indices is important for determining ecosystem stability. Previous research only focused on the abundance of gastropods. The purpose of this study was to analyze the diversity index (H'), evenness index (J'), and dominance index (C) of gastropods in the Tananan River, the research location. The method used included transect and plot sampling at two observation stations, with random sampling. Station A had a sandy substrate, and Station B had a rocky substrate, close to residential areas. Species identification was carried out morphologically, and the data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener, Pielou, and Simpson ecological indices. The results showed that gastropod diversity was in the moderate category (H’ = 1,785 – 2,265), evenness values (J’ = 0,893 – 0,975) indicated an even distribution of species, and no specific species were dominant (C = 0,213 – 0,318). These findings indicate a moderate ecosystem condition. Local communities utilize gastropods, particularly Pila ampulacea and Pomacea canaliculata, as side dishes. The processing is still simple and adds to the uniqueness of local cuisine. In conclusion, gastropod ecological indices can be effective biological indicators of ecosystem health. The use of gastropods for public consumption requires further research due to the discovery of Indoplanorbis exustus in the river.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Nur Samsi, Irnayanti Bahar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Islamic Psychology and Developmental Neuroscience in Early Childhood Islamic Education: A Holistic Fitrah-Based Approach
This study aims to examine the integration of Islamic psychology and developmental neuroscience in early childhood Islamic education through a holistic fitrah-based approach. A qualitative field research design was employed in Raudhatul Athfal institutions in Batam City, involving teachers, principals, and parents. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using an interactive model. The findings indicate that Islamic psychological principles are implemented primarily through value internalization and behavioral habituation rather than explicit theoretical instruction. Learning practices emphasize the balanced development of cognitive, emotional, social, and spiritual domains, reflecting a holistic approach aligned with children’s innate disposition (fitrah). These practices are consistent with neuroscience perspectives highlighting the importance of early experiences and environmental stimulation in shaping development. However, several challenges were identified, including limited conceptual understanding among educators, lack of interdisciplinary training, absence of standardized assessment tools, and variation across institutions. The study concludes that a more structured and theoretically grounded model is needed to strengthen the integration of Islamic psychology and developmental science in early childhood education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurhayati, Juni Mahanis, Yuli Fatimah Warosari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic Parameters of Quantitative Characters OF Self-Produced Lines of the Fifth Generation of Corn Plants in Dry Land
This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity, heritability, and correlation of quantitative traits of the fifth generation (S5) of selfing lines of maize plants. The experiment was conducted in the dry land of Gumantar village, North Lombok, from February to May 2025. The design used in this experiment was a randomized block design. The number of treatments was 30 S5 lines. Each treatment was repeatedThe experiment was conducted twice, resulting in 60 experimental units. Eleven quantitative characters were observed, consisting of growth variables, yield components, harvest age, and yield. The experimental data were analyzed using analysis of variance at a significance level of five percent. The correlation between characters and yield was calculated using Pearson rank correlation. The results showed that six quantitative characters of the S5 line had narrow genetic diversity and six characters had moderate criteria; with genetic diversity coefficients ranging from 1.56 for harvest age and 13.02 for yield. The broad-sense heritability of 1,000-grain weight was high, six characters were moderate, and the rest were narrow. The yield character was strongly correlated with the harvested dry cob weight per plant; with cob length being moderately correlated; four characters were weakly correlated, and the other characters were not correlated with yield. The plants selected to form the sixth selfing generation were taller plants with narrower leaf angles and flowering simultaneously
Copyright (c) 2026 I Wayan Sutresna, I Wayan Sudika, Dwi Ratna Anugrahwati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Quality Criteria and Proposed Specification Limits for Moringa Leaf Powder Through an Integrated Stakeholder and Evidence-Based Approach
The absence of quality standards for moringa leaf powder has caused product variability, limiting consistency, competitiveness, and industrial use. This study developed quality criteria using the FACTS framework, integrating stakeholder priorities (via Exponential Comparison Method across 24 participants) with laboratory characterization of samples from five Indonesian regions. Stakeholders prioritized food safety, sensory quality, and nutritional consistency. However, food safety parameters were excluded as they are already regulated by Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM). Laboratory data revealed high variability in fineness (CV = 28.83%) and acid-insoluble ash (CV = 52.67%). Benchmarking against Kenya Standard KS 2848:2019 confirmed compliance for moisture and acid-insoluble ash, while fineness, ash, protein, and color required local specifications. Using Adopt–Adapt–Originate, acid insoluble ash was adopted (≤ 0.5%); moisture and fineness adapted; and ash, protein, and color originated. Stakeholder expectations (protein ≥ 27%; moisture ≤ 8%) exceeded empirical thresholds (≥ 23%; ≤ 10%), resolved through inclusive limits supporting a future tiered system. Proposed specifications, i.e. color (green to bright green), moisture (≤ 10%), ash (≤ 13%), acid-insoluble ash (≤ 0.5%), protein (≥ 23%), and fineness (≥ 80% passing 100-mesh) provide a scientific foundation for moringa powder standard in national level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Windri Widyaningsih, Mulyorini Rahayuningsih, Muslich https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating STEM and Deep Learning in Renewable Energy Learning to Foster Elementary Students’ Scientific Literacy
This study examined the implementation of STEM-based Deep Learning in fostering elementary school students’ scientific literacy on the topic of renewable energy. A quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design was employed. The participants were 29 sixth-grade students from an elementary school in East Jakarta. Data were collected using a 20-item scientific literacy test covering conceptual and contextual understanding of renewable energy and were analyzed using the Rasch Model with the stacking technique in Winsteps. The results showed an overall increase in students’ scientific literacy after the learning intervention, as indicated by higher posttest measures compared to pretest measures for most students. STEM-based Deep Learning was implemented through contextual and project-based activities that engaged students in exploring renewable energy concepts, collaborating in groups, assembling simple renewable energy models, and presenting their work. These learning experiences encouraged students to connect scientific concepts with real-life situations and actively participate in the learning process. The findings suggest that STEM-based Deep Learning can support the development of scientific literacy in elementary science learning, particularly on renewable energy topics. Further studies involving larger samples and comparison groups are recommended to strengthen the evidence regarding its effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najla Delfina Andarawan, Wati Sukmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of C-R-E-A-T-E Model based on Deep Learning, ESD, and AI to Build High School Students’ Multiple Creativity in Green Chemistry
This research aims to integrate Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in green chemistry learning through the C-R-E-A-T-E (Connecting-Restructuring-Elaborating-Applying-Tasking-Evaluating) model based on Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence (DL-AI) to build students' multiple creativity. The methodology used is Design-based Research (DbR) which focuses on the development and evaluation of innovative learning models in a real context. The research subjects consisted of 80 high school students who were selected purposively. The main instruments used are TCOF (Teaching Creativity Observation Form) to measure aspects of compound creativity, as well as observation sheets to assess student engagement and response during the learning process. Data collection techniques include initial and final tests, classroom observations, and limited interviews. The data was analyzed quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistical tests, as well as qualitative analysis to explore the dynamics of learning. The results show that ESD integration through the DL-AI-based C-R-E-A-T-E model significantly increases students' pluralistic creativity, which includes scientific, social, and ecological creativity. The conclusion, significance, and impact study illustrate that this model also encourages students' active involvement in sustainability issues and data-driven decision-making. This study recommends the application of a similar model in other subjects to support sustainable and transformative 21st century education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wawan Wahyu, Rosi Oktiani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Augmented Reality (AR) Based Pop-Up Book Interactive Learning Media to Improve Class V Science Learning Outcomes
Science learning in elementary schools still faces various obstacles and limitations, particularly in the use of learning media that lacks interactiveness and the inability to concretely visualize abstract material. This research, conducted through R&D, aims to test the feasibility, practicality, and effectiveness of the interactive Pop-Up Book learning media based on Augmented Reality (AR). The media's feasibility was demonstrated by validation results from media experts with a percentage of 78.18% and material experts with a percentage of 84.61%. Based on the results of the pretest and posttest, it shows that the Pop-Up Book media based on augmented reality (AR) is effective in improving student learning outcomes with an increase in the average pretest and posttest scores indicated by the N-Gain test results obtaining a value of 0.77 with a high category. Practicality is shown from the results of the teacher response questionnaire which obtained a percentage of 92.50% with a very good category, while student responses in small-scale trials obtained a percentage of 83% with a very good category and large-scale trials of 80.40% with very good. The data shows that the interactive learning media Pop-Up Book based on augmented reality (AR) is practical, feasible, and effective to be used to improve the learning outcomes of science students of grade V SDN Sadeng 01 Semarang.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sasa Mutmainah, Sri Sami Asih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Land Suitability Evaluation for Rubber Cultivation on Hilly Land in Nagari Sitanang, Lareh Sago HalabanDistrict, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra
This study was conducted to identify the soil characteristics of hilly land, determine the actual and potential land suitability classes for rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), and identify the dominant limiting factors and their respective amelioration measures. The research employed a descriptive survey method involving field observation, soil sampling, laboratory analysis, and a land characteristic matching procedure against the growth requirements of rubber. Four land units were evaluated based on climate, water availability, drainage, root zone media, nutrient retention, erosion hazard, flood hazard, and land preparation. The findings revealed that rainfall, drainage, soil texture, soil depth, flood hazard, surface rock fragments, and rock outcrops were conducive to rubber growth. The principal limiting factors included an annual temperature of 22 °C, acidic to strongly acidic soil pH, low base saturation, low organic carbon content on steep slopes, a high coarse fragment content, and a high erosion hazard. The actual suitability classes obtained were S3-tc,nr for Unit A; S3-tc for Unit B; S3-tc,nr,eh for Unit C; and N-eh for Unit D. Following improvement interventions, Units A and B were upgraded to S2-tc, Unit C remained classified as S3-tc,eh, and Unit D remained classified as N-eh. Based on these results, rubber cultivation is recommended to be prioritized on Land Units A and B, implemented on a limited scale on Land Unit C with the application of intensive soil conservation practices. It is not recommended for Land Unit D due to its permanent topographical constraints.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riza Syofiani, Dyah Puspita Sari, Giska Oktabriana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the Suitability of Quick-Type Hand Tractors and Power Requirements for Wetland Cultivation in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra Province
In Lima Puluh Kota Regency, there are many models and types of hand tractors used by farmers to cultivate rice fields. However, it is necessary to identify which models and types of hand tractors are most suitable for use on agricultural land. The aim of this study was to determine the suitability of the hand tractors used, covering the technological (technoware), user (humanware), management (organoware) and information delivery (infoware) aspects. This study was conducted in 11 sub-districts in Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The research locations were selected using a purposive sampling method. The equipment used in this study comprised Quick-type hand tractors fitted with Kama (4.5 hp), Ratna (6.5 hp) and Yanmar (8.5 hp) engines. The first stage of data collection involved conducting a survey of relevant agencies. The second stage was a field survey. The third stage involved direct performance testing carried out under various rice field conditions. Each sub-district was represented by two farmers’ groups owning Quick hand tractors with three types of engines: Kama, Ratna and Yanmar. The research results showed that the highest working capacity for rice field cultivation using a rotary plough was found in Payakumbuh sub-district with the Yanmar hand-operated tractor, at 0.075 ha/hour. Meanwhile, the lowest effective working capacity was found in Koto Tinggi sub-district with the Kama hand-operated tractor, at 0.022 ha/hour.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zulnadi, Irwan A, Sri Lismawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of E-Teaching Materials for Science on the Topic of the Form of Matter and Its Changes Integrated with Ethnoscience with the Help of Augmented Reality to Improve the Learning Outcomes of Elementary School Students
This study aims to develop, test the feasibility, practicality, and effectiveness of e-teaching materials integrated with ethnoscience assisted by Augmented Reality (AR) in improving student learning outcomes. The type of research used is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model which includes the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The results of the study indicate that the developed e-teaching materials are declared very feasible based on validation by material, language, and media experts with an average score of 89%. The practicality of the media is demonstrated through the responses of teachers and students who are in the very positive category, with a percentage of 97% of teachers and 86% of students. The effectiveness of e-teaching materials is proven through the results of the paired sample t-test which shows a significance value of 0.000 (<0.05), which means there is a significant difference between learning outcomes before and after using the media. In addition, the results of the N-Gain test of 0.67 indicate a moderate category, which indicates an increase in student learning outcomes. Thus, the integrated ethnoscience e-teaching materials assisted by Augmented Reality are declared feasible, practical, and effective for use in science learning for grade IV elementary schools, especially on the material of states of matter and their changes
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatza Hermayanti, Ani Rusilowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Lime Mordant Conditions for Cotton Dyeing with Dragon Fruit Peel Extract
This study investigates the extraction and application of natural colorants from dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peels for cotton fabric dyeing. A maceration process produced a concentrated anthocyanin-rich extract, with absorption peaks at 475 nm and 536 nm. Experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment. The effects of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) mordant concentration, pH, and immersion time on dye uptake and retention were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Dye retention, calculated from absorbance differences before and after fabric immersion and post-wash, served as an indicator of color stability. Optimal retention was observed at 2% mordant concentration and pH 6.5, with absorbance-based dye retention values of 0.212 at 475 nm and 0.215 at 536 nm. Higher mordant concentrations and lower pH reduced dye stability and brightness, while immersion time significantly influenced retention, with peak values at 475 nm after 30 minutes and improved retention at 536 nm after 120 minutes. These results demonstrate the potential of dragon fruit peel extract as an eco-friendly textile dye and highlight the importance of optimizing mordant concentration, pH, and immersion time to achieve vibrant, durable colors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syamsuddin, Jusman, Indriani, Ni Ketut Sumarni, Yulina Christien Morokuhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Potential of South Sumatra Local Wisdom as a Source of Science Learning in Schools to Education Sustainable Development
Local wisdom is a learning resource that has the potential to support contextual and ethnoscience-based science learning. This research aims to map the concepts of science found in typical foods based on the Musi River and the Lebak Lebung agricultural system in South Sumatra, as well as analyze the needs of prospective teacher students for their use as a source of science learning. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach supported by quantitative data. Qualitative data was obtained through field observations, interviews, and document analysis, while quantitative data was obtained through needs analysis of 89 prospective teacher students. The results of the study show that both contexts of local wisdom contain the concept of science including heat transfer, changes in the properties of materials due to heating, fermentation, the role of microorganisms, nutritional content, hydrological cycles, characteristics of swampland, adaptation of living things, and environmental conservation. The results of the needs analysis show that most students have sufficient knowledge in both contexts, but still need learning resources that are able to connect local knowledge with science concepts. These findings are the basis for the development of contextual ethnoscience-based science teaching materials to support meaningful learning and continuing education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elsi Adelia Fitri, Anggie Marsyaelina, Demi Romawina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Education Environment as a Preventive Measure Pollution Plastic waste
Plastic waste pollution is a growing environmental problem, with the consequences of very high plastic use and increasingly severe environmental damage. Public awareness of waste management is also declining. This condition has negative impacts on the environment, such as soil, river, and sea pollution, and threatens human health and ecosystem sustainability. This study aims to analyze the role of environmental education in preventing plastic waste pollution and increasing public awareness of the importance of protecting the environment. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method by collecting data from various scientific journals, books, and research reports. The results of recent studies published in 2020–2024 indicate that environmental education has a significant influence in shaping public knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards plastic waste management. Education conducted through schools, families, communities, and digital media has been proven to increase public awareness to reduce plastic use, sort waste, and maintain a clean environment. Furthermore, practice-based educational programs are considered more effective in shaping environmentally conscious behavior than purely theoretical approaches. However, the implementation of environmental education still faces various obstacles, such as low community participation, a lack of waste management facilities, and a lack of continuing education programs. Therefore, collaboration between the government, educational institutions, families, and communities is needed to strengthen the educational environment to reduce plastic waste pollution effectively and sustainably.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asramid Yasin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Complete Feed on Dry Matter Intake (DMI), Crude Protein Intake (CPI) and Metabolite Status in Female Fat-Tail Sheep
This study aimed to evaluate dry matter intake (DMI), crude protein intake (CPI), and metabolite status, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, and total protein, in female fat-tail sheep fed a complete feed. The study was conducted from July to September 2022 at a farmer group managed by PT Juara Agroniaga in Kanor Village, Bojonegoro Regency, East Java, Indonesia. A total of 200 female fat-tail sheep aged 1–2.5 years with an average body weight of 27 ± 4.65 kg were reared in 10 group pens (20 animals per pen). Feed intake was recorded daily for six weeks, and blood samples were collected to determine BUN, glucose, and total protein. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that DMI and CPI were 71.00 ± 5.88 and 6.83 ± 0.57 g/kg BW0.75, respectively. Metabolite status showed BUN of 25.15 ± 6.94 mg/dL, glucose of 83.83 ± 14.43 mg/dL, and total protein of 4.54 ± 2.58 g/dL. The complete feed was consumed at an acceptable level under farmer conditions, as reflected by the observed DMI. however, the high fiber content and relatively low crude protein level may have contributed to suboptimal metabolite profiles. In conclusion, the nutritional quality of the complete feed influenced nutrient intake and was reflected in the metabolite status of female fat-tail sheep
Copyright (c) 2026 Poespitasari Hazanah Ndaru, Veronica Margareta Ani Nurgiartiningsih, M. Halim Natsir, Mashudi, Irida Novianti, John Miftah Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Breast Pain Reduction Techniques Using Cabbage Leaves
Breast pain and engorgement are common problems experienced by postpartum mothers and may interfere with successful breastfeeding. One non-pharmacological method that has been widely used to relieve breast discomfort is the application of cabbage leaf compresses. This study aimed to analyze the differences in breast pain levels among breastfeeding mothers who received cabbage leaf compresses compared to those who did not. A quasi-experimental study was conducted at Jakenan Health Center, Indonesia, in May to September 2024. The study involved postpartum mothers on days 2–4 after delivery who were selected using a consecutive sampling technique. Breast pain levels were measured before and after the intervention. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, and differences between groups were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test with a 95% confidence interval. The results showed a significant difference in breast pain levels between the intervention group and the control group. Mothers who received cabbage leaf compresses experienced a greater reduction in breast pain than those who did not receive the intervention (p = 0.005). In conclusion, cabbage leaf compresses are effective in reducing breast pain among postpartum mothers and may be considered a simple, safe, and affordable intervention to support breastfeeding
Copyright (c) 2026 Uswatun Kasanah, Ana Rofika, Eviyati Aini Muriana, Irfana Tri Wijayanti, Retno Wulan, Iin Tri Marlinawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Knowledge and Attitudes on Waste Management among the Community in Manggala District, Makassar City
This research aims to analyze the effect of understanding and attitude, both partially and simultaneously, on waste management among the community in Manggala District, Makassar City. This study employed a quantitative approach with an ex post facto research design. The research population included all heads of households in Manggala District. Sampling was conducted using a cluster random sampling technique, obtaining a sample of 380 respondents. Data collection was carried out using test instruments to measure understanding, as well as Likert scale questionnaire instruments to measure attitude and waste management. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the community's understanding, attitude, and waste management were generally in the moderate category. The results of the inferential analysis indicated a significant effect of understanding on waste management, a positive and significant effect of attitude on waste management, and a significant simultaneous effect of understanding and attitude on waste management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewi Yuyun, Muhiddin Palennari, Muhammad Arsyad, Firdaus Daud, Halimah Husain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of a Google Sites-Based Escape Room Media in Science Learning for Grade VIII Junior High School
This study was motivated by challenges in science learning, particularly the Human Circulatory System material, which is often perceived as abstract and complex, leading to low student motivation and engagement. The research aimed to develop a valid and practical digital learning medium using a game-based Escape Room concept for junior high school students. This Research and Development (R&D) study applied the ADDIE model, involving material experts, media experts, 15 science teachers, and 23 eighth-grade students. Data were collected through questionnaires, observations, and interviews. The results showed that the developed media was highly valid, with material expert scores increasing from 76% to 85% and media expert scores from 73.3% to 86.7% after revisions. The media was also considered highly practical by teachers (86.3%), although internet stability was noted as a challenge. Students responded very positively, with a score of 91.9%. Qualitative findings revealed that the “Detective Mission” narrative enhanced classroom engagement, encouraged collaboration, and stimulated critical thinking. In conclusion, the Google Sites-based Escape Room is a feasible and effective innovative medium for visualizing abstract science concepts and supporting the development of students’ critical thinking and collaboration skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syamsuriyani, Firdaus Daud, Halimah Husain, Muhiddin Palennari, Muhammad Arsyad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of a Local-Content-Based Interactive Science E-Book in Chemistry Education: Matter and Its Changes Material to Enhance Elementary School Students’ Science Literacy
Developing students' scientific literacy requires learning resources that are interactive, contextual, and relevant to their cultural environment. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a local-content-based interactive science e-book on the topic of matter and its changes for elementary school students. This study employed a Research and Development approach involving expert validation and classroom implementation at MIN 4 Banda Aceh. The developed e-book was evaluated by material and media experts, followed by implementation with fourth-grade students. Data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative analysis to determine the feasibility of the e-book and students' scientific literacy across five dimensions. The e-book obtained highly appropriate ratings from media experts (90%) and material experts (91%), indicating that it met the feasibility criteria for classroom use. During classroom implementation, students achieved an overall scientific literacy score of 78.9% (high category). The highest achievement was observed in scientific content knowledge (89.4%) and scientific attitude (81.9%), while comparatively lower scores in scientific process, reasoning, and application in real-world contexts indicate areas requiring further instructional support. The findings suggest that the developed interactive science e-book is a feasible learning resource that supports contextual science learning and the development of students' scientific literacy through the integration of Acehnese local content.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nena Puspita Sari, Helmi Suardi, Budi Rizka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Microalgae Extract as a Biostimulant on Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Callus Induction
Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is an economically important plantation crop in Indonesia, but its productivity is still relatively low. The purpose of this study was to influence Chlorella vulgaris extract as a biostimulant on in vitro callus induction using Arabica coffee leaf disc explants. The study method used a completely randomized design with six Murashige and Skoog (MS) media formulations consisting of synthetic plant growth regulator (PGR) (2,4-D and kinetin), 15% and 20% Chlorella vulgaris extract, and a combination of microalgae extract with PGR. The parameters observed included the percentage of explants with callus, color and texture, and explant contamination. The results and discussion of the media formulation significantly affected callus induction, while contamination was not significantly affected. PGR media and 15% Chlorella vulgaris extract treatment produced comparable callus formation percentages, indicating that microalgae extracts were as effective as synthetic PGRs in supporting early callus induction. Most of the calli were yellow to greenish in color with a compact texture, indicating the suitability of the callus induction stage, although further optimization is needed to obtain easily disintegrated calli for subsequent somatic embryogenesis. The conclusion shows the potential of Chlorella vulgaris extract as an environmentally friendly biostimulant for Arabica coffee tissue culture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Patria Prasasya, Sutini, Saefur Rohman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of the Expository Method on Biology Learning Activities and Outcomes in Class XI
This study aims to examine the effect of a structured expository teaching method on students’ learning activities and biology learning outcomes. A quasi-experimental design was employed involving two grade XI classes at SMA Negeri 1 Monta in the 2025/2026 academic year (N = 60 students). The experimental class received a systematically organized expository approach emphasizing clear explanation, guided practice, and feedback, while the control class was taught using routine teacher-centered instruction without structured stages. Data were collected through observation, pretest–posttest assessments, questionnaires, and documentation, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, MANOVA, and N-Gain analysis. The results showed that the experimental class achieved higher mean scores in learning activities (77.59) and learning outcomes (posttest = 88.63) compared to the control class. The N-Gain score of the experimental class (g = 0.67) indicated moderate effectiveness, higher than the control class (g = 0.47). MANOVA results confirmed a significant simultaneous effect on both dependent variables (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the structured expository method contributes positively and moderately to improving student engagement and academic achievement when implemented systematically.
Copyright (c) 2026 Risnawati, Firdaus Daud, Halimah Husain, Muhiddin Palennari, Muhammad Arsyad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship between Parental Involvement and Learning Motivation with Science Learning Achievement of Public Junior High School Students in Kendari City
This study aims to analyze the relationship between parental involvement and learning motivation with students’ science (IPA) achievement in public junior high schools in Kendari City. This research employed an ex post facto design with a survey approach and correlational design. The sample consisted of 178 eighth-grade students selected using multistage proportional sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and report card documentation, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple as well as multiple linear regression. The results showed that parental involvement, learning motivation, and science achievement were generally in the moderate category. There was a positive and significant relationship between parental involvement and science achievement (53.70%), as well as between learning motivation and science achievement (72.40%). Simultaneously, both variables showed a positive and significant relationship with a contribution of 72.50%, with learning motivation being the more dominant variable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adinda Maharani, Muhiddin Palennari, Muhammad Arsyad, Firdaus Daud, Halimah Husain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Inclusive-Adaptive Disaster Mitigation Educational Media Based on Audio Visual and Sign Language to Improve Self-Rescue for Students with Disabilities
Indonesia is a country with a high level of disaster vulnerability, yet mitigation education for students with disabilities, particularly those with hearing impairments, remains constrained by the limited availability of inclusive and adaptive learning media. This study aims to develop audio-visual disaster mitigation educational media combined with sign language to improve the self-rescue skills of students with disabilities. This study used a Research and Development (R&D) design, adapting the Borg and Gall model through the stages of needs analysis, design, development, expert validation, revision, and limited trials. The population consisted of 531 children with disabilities in Kupang City, from which a sample of 229 respondents was drawn using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and comprehension tests, and were analyzed using descriptive quantitative techniques (percentage and pre-test-post-test comparison) as well as qualitative analysis. The results of the study indicate that the developed media has a very high level of feasibility based on expert assessments and is able to significantly improve students' understanding and self-rescue skills. In addition, this media has been proven to increase student engagement and confidence in facing disaster situations. It is concluded that audio-visual and sign language-based educational media are effective, inclusive, and adaptive in supporting disaster mitigation learning for students with disabilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Serly Mahoklory https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparison of the SAVI and VAK Learning Models on IPAS Learning Outcomes in Grade 5
This study aimed to compare the learning outcomes of fifth-grade students in Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) taught using the Somatic, Auditory, Visual, Intellectual (SAVI) learning model and the Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic (VAK) learning model. This study employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental posttest-only design involving 64 fifth-grade students. The participants consisted of 32 students in the SAVI group and 32 students in the VAK group. Data were collected using a 25-item multiple-choice post-test and analyzed using the Rasch Model with the stacking technique using Winsteps version 4.8.2. The results showed that the mean measure of the SAVI group was 1.49 logits, whereas the VAK group achieved 1.67 logits, indicating a difference of 0.18 logits. Both learning models supported students' IPAS learning outcomes, with the VAK learning model demonstrating a higher mean measure than the SAVI learning model. These findings indicate that the VAK learning model is a promising alternative for supporting student-centered IPAS learning in elementary schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aby Rafdi Auzan Ramadhan, Ika Yatri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethnobiological Study of Postpartum Ritual Plants and Animals of the Malay Tribe in Semalah Village, Kapuas Hulu Regency
The Semalah Malay community in Kapuas Hulu Regency has a rich cultural heritage, including postpartum rituals that involve traditional healing practices using plants and animals. This knowledge is mainly preserved by village shamans, many of whom are elderly and have no successors, making it vulnerable to loss due to limited intergenerational transmission. In addition, scientific documentation of postpartum ritual biodiversity among this community remains limited. Ethnobiological studies are therefore important for recording local knowledge from the emic perspective and interpreting it through etic analysis. This study aimed to document the plant and animal species used in postpartum rituals by the Semalah Malay community in Semalah Village and to determine their relative cultural importance. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the Species Use Value (SUV). The results showed that the Semalah Malay community used 31 plant species and 4 animal species in 8 types of postpartum rituals. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) had the highest SUV among plant species, with a value of 1.78, indicating its central role in several ritual practices. Meanwhile, toman fish (Channa micropeltes) had the highest SUV among animal species, with a value of 1.00, reflecting its importance in postpartum recovery practices. These findings provide baseline ethnobiological data for preserving indigenous postpartum knowledge and supporting biocultural conservation in the Semalah Malay community.
Copyright (c) 2026 Desi Ratnasari, Surya Aspita, Hilda Aqua Kusuma Wardhani, Agus Muliadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Practical Tools Review Based on Physics, Chemistry, and Biology Parameters to Train Systems Thinking Skills
This research aims to develop an integrated practical tool for water pollution, covering physics, chemistry, and biology parameters to enhance students' systems thinking skills. Using the 4D development model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), this R&D study identifies a critical gap: 94% of teachers are unfamiliar with pH-4502C sensors, and 78% do not recognize systems thinking indicators. The developed tool integrates digital sensor technology for real-time water quality monitoring. Expert validation and teacher trials indicate the product is highly effective, with 83% of educators agreeing it facilitates the training of systems thinking at levels A, B, and C. The results show a significant improvement in students' ability to identify system components and analyze dynamic interrelationships compared to conventional methods. It is concluded that this integrated tool successfully bridges the technological gap in junior high school labs while providing a concrete framework for mastering higher-order thinking skills in environmental education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Ainun Hariyanto, Kartini Herlina, Chansyanah Diawati, M. Setyarini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Physics Electronic Student Worksheets (E-LKPD) based on Problem Based Learning (PBL) to Improve Critical Thinking Skills of Grade X Students
Critical thinking skills are essential in 21st-century education. However, physics learning in schools still relies on conventional teaching materials and limited instructional approaches, resulting in students' low critical thinking skills. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a Problem-Based Learning (PBL)-based Physics Electronic Student Worksheet (E-LKPD) and examine its feasibility and effectiveness in improving students' critical thinking skills. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the Four-D (4-D) development model. The effectiveness of the developed E-LKPD was evaluated using a pretest–posttest control group design. Data were collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, tests, and documentation. The results showed that the developed E-LKPD was highly feasible based on expert validation, practical based on students' responses, and effective in improving students' critical thinking skills. The experimental class achieved a higher N-Gain score (0.364, medium category) than the control class (0.265, low category). These findings indicate that integrating PBL into interactive digital worksheets supports student-centered learning and promotes students' critical thinking skills. Therefore, the developed PBL-based Physics E-LKPD can be used as an effective digital teaching material for improving students' critical thinking skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nisrina Hasna Mustofa, Pujianto, Jumadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Cost Factors and Family Motivation on Adherence to Follow-up Treatment for Patients After Cardiac Catheterization at NTB Provincial Hospital
Cardiovascular disease represents a global mortality burden with suboptimal medication adherence (40-60%) after cardiac catheterization, resulting in increased complications and rehospitalization. This study aims to analyze the cost determinants and family motivation for medication adherence among patients after coronary intervention at the NTB Provincial General Hospital. This cross-sectional study involved 85 respondents using purposive sampling, with the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, Family Support Scale, and a validated cost questionnaire as instruments. Chi-Square analysis was applied to test the association of variables with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the majority of respondents had high financial capacity (64.7%), substantive family motivation (62.4%), and superior adherence (64.7%). Economic capacity had a significant effect on adherence (p<0.001), with patients with high capacity showing 87.3% adherence versus 23.3% in the moderate group. Optimal family motivation resulted in 84.9% adherence compared to 31.3% in the moderate support group (p<0.001). The study concluded that financial accessibility and familial support are crucial predictors of treatment adherence, indicating the urgency of implementing inclusive financing schemes and structured family education programs to optimize long-term cardiovascular outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Heri Herdiansyah Akbar, Saimi, M. Karjono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of Biodiesel from Calabash (Crescentia cujete) Seed Oil
This study evaluated the acid-catalyzed production of biodiesel from Calabash (Crescentia cujete) seed oil using sulfuric and nitric acids as transesterification catalysts. Oil extracted by Soxhlet extraction yielded 35.20% and was converted into biodiesel under various reaction conditions to determine the optimum catalyst loading, reaction time, temperature, and oil-to-methanol molar ratio. Sulfuric acid exhibited superior catalytic performance, achieving the highest biodiesel yield of 91.20% at 4% catalyst loading, 65 °C, 4 h, and an oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:12. Under optimum conditions, nitric acid produced a lower yield of 65.85% at 3% catalyst loading, 65 °C, 6 h, and a molar ratio of 1:9. GC-MS analysis identified seven methyl esters in the sulfuric acid-derived biodiesel, predominantly methyl hexadecanoate (16.93%), methyl stearate (15.07%), and methyl 9-octadecenoate (43.64%). Biodiesel synthesized using nitric acid contained eight methyl esters, with methyl hexadecanoate (16.55%), methyl stearate (26.90%), and methyl 9-hexadecenoate (21.51%) as the major components. The corresponding burning rates were 1.96 × 10⁻³ and 2.71 × 10⁻³ cm²/s for sulfuric and nitric acid catalysts, respectively. Overall, sulfuric acid proved more effective, producing higher biodiesel yield in a shorter reaction time and demonstrating the potential of C. cujete seed oil as a non-edible biodiesel feedstock.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nelson Gaspersz, Matheis F. J. D. P. Tanasale, Chalvin Marco Paula, Mimi Salamawati, Priska Marisa Pattiasina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Species Diversity and Morphological Identification of Freshwater Shrimps in Lentic and Lotic Ecosystems of Ogan Ilir Regency
Freshwater shrimps are important components of inland aquatic ecosystems and contribute to biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem stability. Despite their ecological importance, information regarding freshwater shrimp diversity in lentic and lotic ecosystems of Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatra, remains limited. This study aimed to identify freshwater shrimp species and describe their diagnostic morphological characteristics in contrasting freshwater habitats. Field sampling was conducted from November 2025 to January 2026 at six sampling stations representing three lentic and three lotic ecosystems. Specimens were collected using baited traps (bubu) and identified using standard taxonomic keys based on external morphological characteristics, including body shape, rostrum, cephalothorax, abdomen, telson, antennae, pereopods, pleopods, and body coloration. Three freshwater shrimp species belonging to the family Palaemonidae were identified, namely Macrobrachium lanchesteri, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and Macrobrachium nipponense. Each species exhibited distinctive morphological characteristics that enabled reliable identification. Differences in species occurrence between lentic and lotic ecosystems indicate habitat-related variation in freshwater shrimp assemblages. This study provides baseline information on freshwater shrimp diversity in Ogan Ilir Regency and contributes to biodiversity inventories, taxonomic studies, and freshwater ecosystem conservation in South Sumatra.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stilaf Terbit Galih Walsandy, Arum Setiawan, Kodri Madang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) Integrated with STEAM on the Creative Thinking Skills of Fifth-Grade Elementary School Students Regarding the Human Respiratory System
This study aims to analyze the effect of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) integrated with STEAM on the creative thinking skills of fifth-grade elementary school students regarding the human respiratory system. The study employed a quantitative approach using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. The sample consisted of 46 students divided into an experimental class (n = 21) and a control class (n = 25) at a public elementary school in West Jakarta. The research instrument was a creative thinking ability test comprising 20 items, analyzed using the Rasch model via the Winsteps 4.8.2 application. The analysis results showed an improvement in ability in both classes following the intervention. The control class improved from 1.51 logits on the pretest to 2.48 logits on the posttest, with a gain of 0.97 logits. Meanwhile, the experimental class showed a greater increase, rising from 2.48 logits to 4.82 logits, with a gain of 2.34 logits. The Rasch analysis results also showed that all test items had a good level of fit with the model (infit and outfit MNSQ values were in the range of 0.5–1.5), so the data were deemed valid and suitable for use. Based on these results, it can be concluded that PjBL-based STEAM learning is more effective in improving students’ creative thinking skills than conventional learning when teaching the human respiratory system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Camilia Habibah, Wati Sukmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Fifth-Grade Students' Conceptual Understanding of the Human Respiratory System Through the PAREPIA Teaching Aid
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the PAREPIA teaching aid in enhancing fifth-grade students' conceptual understanding of the human respiratory system. A quantitative approach employing a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design was conducted with 64 fifth-grade students, comprising 32 students in the experimental class and 32 students in the control class. Data were collected using a 25-item multiple-choice test administered as a pretest and posttest. The data were analyzed using the Rasch Model with stacking analysis through Winsteps 4.8.2 to evaluate changes in students' conceptual understanding. The results showed that the experimental class achieved greater conceptual gains than the control class. The mean measure increased from 0.28 to 1.70 logits (+1.42 logits) in the experimental class, whereas the control class increased from 0.24 to 1.19 logits (+0.95 logits). These findings indicate that the PAREPIA teaching aid effectively facilitates students' conceptual understanding by providing interactive, hands-on learning experiences that help transform abstract concepts into concrete understanding. Therefore, the PAREPIA teaching aid is effective in improving fifth-grade students' conceptual understanding of the human respiratory system and contributes to enhancing the quality of elementary science education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firda Ruhul Aflah, Wati Sukmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hoek & Brown Collapse Criteria Method on The Road Section of Lende Tovea Village, Sirenja District, Donggala Regency
Avalanches on public infrastructure such as highways occur unpredictable due to unstable slopes due to degraded rock material. Avalanches can potentially cause and material losses. The research was conducted to classify the rock mass with the Geological Strength Index (GSI) method as a parameter for determining the slope safety factor on the road section of Lende Tovea Village, Sirenja District, Donggala Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. To obtain the value of cohesion and angle of friction in the approach used Hoek & Brown collapse criteria. Determination of safety factor value using Spencer type method, using GeoStudio 2018 R2 software application. The slope on the road section of the research area is composed of igneous lithology in the form of rhyolite and diorite. Geological structures in the form of fracture and faults. The results showed that the slope of the road section in the northern part of Lende Tovea Village based​ on the Geological Strength Index (GSI) value in the range of 25-33 with the condition of the rock mass is in the category of very blockly, disturbed & poor and slicken with wedge avalanche type at observation stations 1-5. The results of the safety factors value at stations 1, 2, 4, and 5 are in a condition prone to landslides with values of 1.514; 1.482; 1.595; 1.408 respectively while at station 3 in a condition where landslides rarely occur with a value of 1.921.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Sarjan Djalil, Muslimin U. Botjing, Nunik Rezkiarti Janat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gelam Wood Design as a Water Level Measurement Sensor to Support Green Electronics Realization
The water level of peat land in the South Sumatra area required to be monitored for mitigating the wildfire or flooding annual risk happends in the region. The Gelam wood is easily found in the peat land thus the utilization as a water level sensor should be a perfect solution. Therefore, we designed a Gelam wood sensor as the sensing element, a voltage divider circuit as a transducer and a modem connected to a website to display the data for the user. The accuracy of the sensor is 98% with a resolution of about 1 cm in height. The system design was implemented to monitor the water level height of a campus lake and compared the output with a calibrated ultrasonic sensor. The reading error between both sensors was about 1.9%. Therefore, the use of Gelam wood as a water level measurement sensor can be developed towards the realization of 'green electronics' to obtain energy efficiency in producing an electronic component; eco-friendly and non-toxic materials thus it can reduce the electronic waste accumulated every year.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khairul Saleh, Iskhaq Iskandar, Assaidah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular Docking and ADMET Prediction of Bioactive Compounds from Centella asiatica, Coenzyme Q10, and Ethyl Ascorbic Acid Targeting PPAR Receptors as Potential Antioxidant Agents
Excessive ultraviolet exposure induces oxidative stress that accelerates skin aging, yet effective natural modulators of antioxidant pathways remain limited. This study investigated the potential of bioactive compounds from Centella asiatica, Coenzyme Q10, and ethyl ascorbic acid as PPAR receptor agonists associated with antioxidant regulation. An in silico approach was applied using molecular docking with Molegro Virtual Docker and ADME prediction analysis. Docking performance was evaluated using rerank scores and interaction analysis with key amino acid residues. Coenzyme Q10 and ethyl ascorbic acid isomers showed the most negative rerank scores (−62.08 and −55.65 kcal/mol), indicating strong receptor affinity. Asiaticoside and madecassoside formed extensive hydrogen and steric interactions with Arg284 and His280. ADME analysis revealed that ethyl ascorbic acid exhibited optimal balance between solubility, permeability, and safety. These findings suggest that ethyl ascorbic acid and Coenzyme Q10 are promising candidates for antioxidant therapy through PPAR activation. This study provides computational evidence supporting the development of natural antioxidant agents targeting oxidative stress–related skin damage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Khofifah, Dini Khofifah, Ni Luh Dewi Aryani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Implementation of Science Process Skill (SPS)-based Matriculation to Equalize Scientific Literacy of Prospective Elementary Teacher
Elementary teachers play a crucial role in fostering students’ scientific literacy; however, many prospective teachers still demonstrate only moderate levels. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of Science Process Skills (SPS)-based matriculation program designed to enhance their scientific literacy. A mixed-method approach with a convergent parallel design was employed, in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently, analyzed separately, and subsequently integrated. The participants consisted of 24 first-semester of PGSD students, selected through purposive sampling. The results of the Wilcoxon test revealed a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores (p < 0.001), with an average increase of 16.9 points following the program. Further analysis using N-gain and t-test (t(23) = -10.3, p < 0.001) confirmed the effectiveness of the matriculation was indicated as a low-to-moderate level. Thematic analysis indicated that the program supported students in reconstructing their understanding, as well as increasing their interest and confidence in learning science. Nevertheless, several challenges were identified, particularly related to time constraints and the organization of physics concept delivery. In conclusion, the SPS-based matriculation program was effective in enhancing the scientific literacy of prospective elementary teachers with further refinement is required to optimize its outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hanifah Mulyani, Rizki Hadiwijaya Zulkarnaen, Nenden Permas Hikmatunisa, Iik Iklimah, Tiar Mutiarani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Project-Based Learning in Developing Sustainability Awareness and Critical Skills in High School
The integration of sustainability principles and critical thinking into science learning remains limited, particularly in vocational high schools, despite their importance for achieving Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Project-Based Learning (PJBL) in improving students' sustainability awareness and critical thinking skills. A quasi-experimental method with a pretest–posttest control group design was employed involving 64 eleventh-grade students at SMK Negeri 1 Parigi, consisting of 32 students in the experimental group and 32 students in the control group. The experimental group received Project-Based Learning, whereas the control group was taught using conventional instruction. Data were collected using a sustainability awareness questionnaire and a critical thinking skills test. The data were analyzed through normality and homogeneity tests, independent samples t-test, and N-Gain analysis. The results revealed significant differences between the experimental and control groups (p < 0.05). Students taught using Project-Based Learning achieved higher learning gains in sustainability awareness (N-Gain = 0.68, medium category) and critical thinking skills (N-Gain = 0.73, high category) compared with those receiving conventional learning. The findings indicate that authentic environmental projects, collaborative learning, and reflective activities effectively enhance students' sustainability awareness while simultaneously fostering higher-order thinking skills. Therefore, Project-Based Learning is recommended as an effective instructional approach for integrating sustainability values and developing twenty-first-century competencies in vocational science education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Gusti Ayu Putu Eka Sri Wahyuni, Emy Nuriyani, Ebi Rahmat Indar Maya, Nurasyah Dewi Napitupulu, I Komang Werdhiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Mind Mapping Learning Strategies on Creativity and Sustainability Awareness of Elementary School Students in Motion Energy Learning
This study aims to analyze the influence of Mind Mapping learning strategies on the creativity and sustainability awareness of elementary school students in motion energy learning. This study uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental research method with a nonequivalent control group design. The research subjects consisted of elementary school students who were divided into experimental groups with the application of Mind Mapping strategies and control groups with conventional learning. The research data was collected through creativity test instruments, sustainability awareness questionnaires, and observation of learning activities, then analyzed using inferential statistical tests. The results of the study show that the application of the Mind Mapping strategy has a positive influence on increasing students' creativity and sustainability awareness in motion energy materials. Students who participate in Mind Mapping-based learning show better ability to organize concepts, develop ideas, and understand the relationship between energy use and environmental sustainability. These findings suggest that the Mind Mapping strategy can be an innovative learning alternative that supports the development of creative thinking skills and sustainability literacy in primary schools. Thus, the Mind Mapping strategy contributes to creating science learning that is more meaningful, contextual, and oriented towards 21st century competency development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hana Adawiyah, Wati Sukmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancing SDG 4 Through AI-Integrated Deep Learning Project-Based Learning: Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills and Scientific Literacy Among Primary School Teacher Education Students
This study examined the effect of an AI-integrated Deep Learning Project-Based Learning model on the critical thinking skills and scientific literacy of Primary School Teacher Education students at a university in Indonesia. A quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design was employed involving 156 students, with 78 students in the experimental group and 78 students in the control group. Data were collected through critical thinking tests, scientific literacy tests, and a learning engagement questionnaire, then analysed using independent samples t-tests, N-Gain, Cohen’s d, and SEM-PLS. The experimental group achieved higher mean scores in critical thinking skills than the control group (84.28 vs. 71.33) and higher scientific literacy scores (83.10 vs. 71.50). The N-Gain values for critical thinking were 0.71 in the experimental group and 0.46 in the control group, while scientific literacy N-Gain values were 0.69 and 0.47, respectively. Cohen’s d values indicated very large effects for critical thinking skills (4.23) and scientific literacy (4.04). SEM-PLS showed positive relationships between the learning model and engagement (β = 0.72), engagement and critical thinking (β = 0.55), engagement and scientific literacy (β = 0.52), as well as direct effects on critical thinking (β = 0.68) and scientific literacy (β = 0.65). These findings indicate that the model supports meaningful, technology-enhanced learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dedi Holden Simbolon, Eka Kartika Silalahi, Rupina Magdalena br Tarigan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of The Case-Based Method to Critical Thinking Based on Learning Motivation in Students of The Population Geography Course
This study investigated the effectiveness of a case-based learning (CBL) approach in improving students’ critical thinking skills in the Population Geography course at Universitas Negeri Padang. A quasi-experimental design was employed involving two classes: an experimental class receiving CBL and a control class receiving conventional instruction. Students with low, medium, and high initial abilities participated in the study. Data were collected through classroom observations and pretest–posttest assessments of critical thinking and analyzed using an independent-samples t-test and N-gain analysis with SPSS. The pretest results indicated no significant difference between the experimental and control groups, confirming comparable initial abilities. However, the posttest revealed a significant improvement in the experimental group compared with the control group. The experimental class achieved a higher mean posttest score (14.56) than the control class (9.85), with N-gain values of 84% and 31%, respectively, indicating substantially greater learning effectiveness. Further analysis showed that learning motivation did not significantly interact with the implementation of CBL in influencing critical thinking. The findings demonstrate that case-based learning effectively enhances critical thinking skills in Population Geography, regardless of students’ motivation levels, and supports its integration into geography education to promote higher-order thinking
Copyright (c) 2026 Yurni Suasti, Rahmanelli, Bigharta Bekti Susetyo, Bayu Wijayanto, Ahyuni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Local Wisdom in Traditional Medicinal Plant Utilization: An Ethnobotanical Study in Sonraen Village, Kupang Regency
This study aimed to document the diversity of traditional medicinal plants, plant parts used, preparation methods, and their medicinal applications by the community of Sonraen Village, Amarasi Selatan District, Kupang Regency, Indonesia. A descriptive ethnobotanical approach was employed through field observations, semi-structured interviews, documentation, and exploratory surveys involving knowledgeable local informants. A total of 51 medicinal plant species were recorded. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part, followed by rhizomes, stems, shoots, roots, bark, flowers, fruits, and seeds. Boiling was the predominant preparation method, while pounding, brewing, and direct application were also commonly practiced. The species with the highest citation values included Chromolaena odorata, Phyllanthus niruri, Curcuma longa, and Annona squamosa. These plants were primarily used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, hypertension, kidney disease, diabetes, malaria, wounds, and skin diseases. The findings demonstrate that traditional medicinal knowledge remains well preserved within the Sonraen community. This study provides baseline ethnobotanical data that support biodiversity conservation, preservation of indigenous knowledge, and future pharmacological investigations of medicinal plant species with high local use values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Aini Bunyani, Eleonora A.P Hija, Abdonia Finmeta, Nardi Leo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Science Evaluation Questions on Animal Classification Material on Learning Outcomes and Problem Solving of Third Grade Elementary School Students
This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of third-grade elementary school science assessment questions on animal classification in measuring students’ learning outcomes and problem-solving skills. A quantitative approach with a pre-test–post-test design was employed involving 51 third-grade students. The assessment instrument consisted of science questions covering vertebrate and invertebrate classification, amphibian characteristics, and animal habitats. Data were collected through pre-test and post-test assessments and analyzed using descriptive and quantitative methods. The results indicated that the assessment questions effectively measured learning outcomes, with N-gain scores of 0.37 (moderate) in the first class and 0.25 (low) in the second class. Problem-solving analysis revealed that the first class performed better in planning solutions and drawing conclusions, while the second class showed stronger performance in understanding problems, with comparable achievement in implementing solutions. These findings demonstrate that assessment questions aligned with learning objectives and students’ cognitive development effectively evaluate both conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. Therefore, the developed science assessment questions are appropriate as an effective evaluation tool for elementary school science learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Esti Suciati, Elyas Djufri, Didi Supriadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Supporting SDG 11 Through Green Stormwater Infrastructure: SWMM-Based Flood Mitigation in a Tropical Watershed
The study sub-watershed covers 3475 ha with a main river length of 9.03 km. Rapid land-use change—residential areas grew by 623.84 ha while rice paddies declined by 1390.40 ha between 2013 and 2023—has reduced infiltration areas, increased impervious cover, and intensified peak runoff. Existing drainage infrastructure is insufficient to convey the 2-year design discharge, resulting in recurrent downstream flooding. This study analyzes existing hydrological and hydraulic conditions and designs rainwater management solutions through Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) for flood mitigation and groundwater conservation. Design rainfall was estimated using Log Pearson III frequency analysis, while runoff and hydraulic responses were simulated using EPA SWMM 5.2. Three GSI alternatives were evaluated: 3946 infiltration wells reduced peak flood discharge by 15.64%; 37 retention ponds reduced peak flood discharge by 47.48%; and a combined system of 3181 infiltration wells and 33 retention ponds achieved the highest reduction of 64.11%. Channel normalization of the critical river segment (2U–3U) is essential regardless of the GSI alternative selected. The combined alternative is recommended as it simultaneously addresses flood peaks and groundwater recharge
Copyright (c) 2026 Anik Sarminingsih, Nurhaliza Prasetyani, Andito Dharma Atmaja, Adrian Hartanto, Budi Prasetyo Samadikun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Augmented Reality in Child Education: A Bibliometric and Trend Analysis of Global Research (2015–2025)
This study aims to bibliometrically analyze publication trends, collaboration patterns, and research development directions regarding Augmented Reality (AR) in children's education. Data was obtained from the Scopus database on July 16, 2025 with the keywords "augmented reality, education, learning, teaching", which resulted in 178 initial documents and, after going through the exclusion inclusion screening process, were selected into 71 articles. All data were verified and analyzed using VOSviewer through citation map construction, keyword visualization, author collaboration, and publication distribution by journal, institution, and country. The results show that publications on AR in children's education increased significantly in the period 2015–2025, with a peak in 2024, as well as emerging research hotspots in interactive learning activities, language learning, early childhood education, and support for children with special needs such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The collaborative analysis confirms the major contributions of Asian countries, particularly Indonesia, Turkey, Malaysia, and Taiwan, in the development of this literature. Overall, the findings confirm that AR plays an important role in increasing children's motivation, engagement, concept understanding, and social-emotional interaction, although they still face obstacles in the form of limited infrastructure, digital literacy of educators, and lack of longitudinal research. Therefore, further research with a more rigorous design, more diverse participants, and a focus on sustainability and curriculum integration is needed to optimize the implementation of AR as a pedagogical innovation in children's education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yelva Nofriyanti, Andika Bayu Putra, Desmawati Roza, Evi Desmariani, Meria Ultra Gusteti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Green Chemistry Principles into Chemistry Education for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Systematic Literature
Advances in science and technology increase chemical use, raising environmental and health concerns. Consequently, green chemistry has emerged to promote sustainable learning practices. This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) aims to analyze the implementation of green chemistry principles in chemistry education using the PRISMA framework. Data were retrieved from Scopus (via Publish or Perish), ACS Publications, and ERIC for the period from January 2016 up to January 2026. Of the 12,737 total articles retrieved, 57 met the inclusion criteria for final analysis. The results indicate that the most frequently implemented green chemistry principle is prevention, followed by safer solvents and auxiliaries and renewable feedstocks, while others remain rarely implemented, highlighting a critical gap for future research and curriculum development. Implementation occurs through diverse learning activities, particularly laboratory experiments, supported by varied pedagogical models and media. Furthermore, integrating green chemistry positively impacts critical thinking, higher-order thinking, systems thinking, and sustainability awareness. Thus, green chemistry strongly supports more contextual, safer, and sustainability-oriented chemistry learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tri Diana Alfiyanti Puspita, Muntholib, Ridwan Joharmawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Critical Thinking in Fluid Dynamics Learning: A Systematic Review of Learning Models
This study aims to identify learning models implemented to promote student’s critical thinking skills in fluid dynamics learning and synthesize evidence regarding their reported effectiveness. Using the PRISMA framework, seven empirical studies published between 2021 and 2025 and focusing on senior high school students were selected according to predefined inclusion criteria. The review examined student’s initial critical thinking conditions, instructional approaches, and reported learning outcomes. The findings indicate that student’s initial critical thinking skills in fluid dynamics were generally low to moderate, suggesting persistent difficulties in higher-order thinking processes. The reviewed studies implemented five instructional approaches, namely Problem-Based Learning, Guided Inquiry, RADEC, Metacognition Based Discovery Learning, and Think Pair Share, all of which were reported to support student’s critical thinking development. Several studies employing pretest–posttest measures reported moderate to high learning gains, while posttest-based studies showed higher critical thinking performance among students receiving innovative instruction. The reviewed evidence also suggests that students often experience difficulties in relating relationships among pressure, velocity, and flow rate to mathematical representations and scientific reasoning. Overall, student-centered instructional approaches contribute positively to critical thinking development in fluid dynamics learning, although their effectiveness varies across learning contexts and assessment indicators.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cindy Tyas Harvina, Parno, Ahmad Taufiq, Marlina Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of the STEM Approach on Students Critical Thinking Skills: A Meta Analysis
Indonesia's. STEM education is one method that may help students succeed in the modern world. This study set out to assess the quality of prior work that looked at how STEM education affected students' capacity for critical thinking. Level of education and learning model were the moderators taken into account in this research. In order to get quantitative data, the researchers used meta-analysis to determine the impact size of each study that was relevant. Journals acknowledged with an ISSN between 2020 and 2025 were the criterion used to look for national and international journals that have been researched by previous researchers. According to the impact size study of STEM education on students' critical thinking abilities, which was conducted across all educational levels and models, the findings were in the high category. This suggests that students' critical thinking abilities may be enhanced across all educational levels via the use of the STEM method in the classroom.
Copyright (c) 2026 Betty Mizarwan, Yohandri, Usmeldi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Literacy in STEM Education: A Bibliometric and Systematic Literature Network Analysis
The rapid development of digital technology and the increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education have transformed learning processes, particularly in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education. This study aims to analyze the development of research on digital literacy in STEM education through a bibliometric analysis and Systematic Literature Network Analysis (SLNA). The study employed a combination of bibliometric methods, SLNA, and content analysis to identify publication trends, collaboration networks, dominant research themes, and emerging future directions. Data were collected from the Scopus database following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A total of 106 relevant articles published between 2019 and 2025 were selected and analyzed using VOSviewer and Orange Data Mining. The findings indicate a significant increase in publications related to digital literacy, AI, and STEM education, particularly in 2025. Bibliometric mapping revealed three major research clusters: technology-integrated teaching and digital literacy in science and engineering education, the role of digital competence and computational thinking in STEM higher education, and the integration of AI and AI literacy in digital literacy development. Topic modeling using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) identified ten dominant research topics, with technology-based STEM learning and AI-supported education emerging as the most prominent themes. The results also highlight the growing emphasis on AI integration, computational thinking, digital competence, and innovative pedagogical approaches in modern STEM education. Overall, the study demonstrates that research on digital literacy in STEM education is rapidly evolving toward interdisciplinary and AI-driven learning environments. However, challenges remain regarding digital inequality, AI literacy integration, and sustainable pedagogical implementation. This study contributes to the understanding of current research trends and provides future research directions for strengthening digital literacy and AI integration in STEM education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rufina Agustin Yuarsa, Rayendra, Nofri Hendri, Rahmi Pratiwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of High School Students’ Chemical Mental Models Based on Three Levels of Chemical Representation: A Literature Study
This study aimed to determine the profile of the chemical mental models of high school students and to describe and explain the factors that caused the formation of alternative mental models in students' minds. This research was classified as a document analysis involving 15 theses in the Chemistry Education Study Program, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha (Undiksha) as research subjects and students’ chemical mental models as the research object. Data collection was done by using a checklist. The data collected underwent descriptive analysis. The results of the study showed that students' chemical mental models included Scientifically Correct as much as 0–28.65%; Partially Correct as much as 23.03%–90.58%; specific misconceptions reaching 0.48%–58.53%; and No Response as much as 0–49.07%. Factors causing the formation of alternative mental models in students' minds include a low understanding at the submicroscopic level, overgeneralization, ignorance of the meaning of chemical symbols, a lack of information related to the complexity of the problem at hand, a lack of understanding of prerequisite concepts, analogy errors, and errors in the learning materials. In general, alternative mental models are arise when students do not understand the submicroscopic structure underlying the properties of substances.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Wayan Suja, I Gusti Lanang Wiratma, Ida Bagus Nyoman Sudria, Qonita Awliya Hanif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Virtual Laboratories in Project-Based Learning for Sustainable Development Topics in Biology: A Systematic Literature Review
This study aims to analyze the role of virtual laboratories in project-based learning (PjBL) on biology topics related to sustainable development through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 framework by examining articles published between 2013 and 2025 across major databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ERIC, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria focused on studies integrating virtual laboratories, PjBL, and sustainability-related topics in biology education. The selection process identified one core study and several supporting studies relevant to the research objectives. The findings reveal that virtual laboratories function as effective enablers of PjBL by facilitating authentic scientific inquiry, especially in contexts with limited access to physical laboratory resources. Additionally, virtual laboratories contribute to improved conceptual understanding, scientific reasoning, and procedural skills. In terms of sustainable development, virtual laboratories promote resource efficiency and support the development of sustainability competencies, such as systems thinking and problem-solving. Despite these benefits, the limited number of integrated studies indicates a gap in empirical research. Overall, virtual laboratory–supported PjBL demonstrates strong potential for advancing innovative, sustainable, and competency-oriented biology learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fuad, Risqah Amaliah Kasman, Rahmania Rahman, Muh. Alham Satnur, Herwandi, Armin Arif, A. Rahmatia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment Instruments for Computational Thinking and Coding Skills to Support Quality Education: A Systematic Literature Review
This study aims to analyze the need for developing assessment instruments to measure coding skills and Computational Thinking (CT) among physics education students through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The literature search was conducted through Scopus and Google Scholar databases using systematic filtering procedures following PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria covered studies addressing coding and/or CT in educational contexts, focusing on assessment instruments, providing full-text access, employing clear research methods, and published between 2022 and May 2026. The selection process identified 13422 initial articles, of which only 14 met all inclusion criteria. The findings reveal that studies specifically focusing on assessment instruments for coding and CT are still limited compared with research emphasizing instructional implementation. Most studies focus on Computational Thinking (9 studies), while only 2 studies discuss coding skills, and 3 studies indirectly examine both aspects. Based on educational levels, the studies are distributed across early childhood education (3), primary education (3), secondary education (1), higher education (2), and non-specific contexts (5). These findings indicate that research at the higher education level, particularly related to physics education, remains limited. Furthermore, no standardized instrument has yet been consistently applied to assess these competencies. However, recent developments in project-based assessment, STEM integration, and digital technology utilization demonstrate promising opportunities for more authentic assessment approaches. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of developing structured, valid, and reliable assessment instruments that not only evaluate learning outcomes but also capture students’ thinking processes during learning activities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Berlianti Mandasari, Sardianto Markos Siahaan, muhammad Yusuf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Communication Strategy in Environmental Policy for Sustainable Development: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis
Environmental issues and the increasing urgency to achive sustainable development goals have highlighted the importance of effective communication strategies in environmental policy implementation. However, public resistance, low stakeholder participation, and ineffective policy dissemination remain major challenges in many countries. This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review related to the implementation of communication strategy in the field of environmental studies. This study uses a hybrid systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis to investigate the role and communication strategy in environmental policy. VOSviewer and the PRISMA framework were used to evaluate 22 articles from the Scopus database (2017–2026). The results show that research in this field is still limited, indicating opportunities for further investigation. Communication strategies have been shown to significantly increase public acceptance of environmental policies, strengthen stakeholder participation, and encourage sustainable behavior change thru digital platforms, value-based framing, and participatory approaches. The main driving factors of effective communication include collaborative practices, adequate funding, and fair policy framing, while barriers include weak institutional structures, lack of community-based approaches, and negative public perception. The identified research gaps include the scarcity of longitudinal studies, limited research in developing countries, and inadequate interdisciplinary integration between environmental psychology and policy communication. These findings provide an evidence-based foundation for policymakers and researchers to enhance the effectiveness of environmental policy communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Remon Astra Safela, Annisa Novita Sary, Yunia Wardi, Susi Evanita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STEM-Based Deep Learning in Food Security Education for Sustainable Development Goals: A Systematic Review of Scientific Literacy and Self-Efficacy
This study aims to synthesize research on STEM-based deep or meaningful learning in food security and sustainability education, with a particular focus on its relationship with scientific literacy and self-efficacy. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA 2020 framework across Scopus, ERIC, Google Scholar, and SINTA-indexed sources. The screening process resulted in nine core studies that met the predefined inclusion criteria. The findings reveal that existing research is structurally fragmented across three domains: contextual STEM learning, pedagogical processes, and cognitive–affective outcomes. While STEM-based learning is widely applied in sustainability contexts, food security is predominantly treated as a thematic background rather than an epistemic learning domain. Furthermore, scientific literacy and self-efficacy are typically examined as separate constructs, limiting the understanding of how cognitive and affective dimensions interact in learning processes. In response to these gaps, this study proposes an integrative framework that connects food security as an epistemic context, STEM as an interdisciplinary structure, deep learning as a cognitive mechanism, and scientific literacy and self-efficacy as interconnected outcomes. In conclusion, this study highlights the need for integrative, context-driven STEM learning models to support meaningful and transferable learning in sustainability education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eiftien Yuliar Rasyidin, Asri Widowati, Winarto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Systematic Literature Review: Analysis the Implementation of the 5E Learning Cycle in Learning Chemistry
This study aims to analyze the implementation of the 5E (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, and Evaluate) learning cycle in chemistry learning, to analyze multiple representations (macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic) as characteristics of chemistry, and to identify learning outcomes. This study was conducted using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A total of 38 articles from Google Scholar from 2020 to 2026 were analyzed based on the determined inclusion criteria. The results show that the implementation of the 5E learning cycle in chemistry learning has been widely applied across various topics in chemistry. Although various levels of representation have been used, the relationship between macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic representations is still limited in these articles. Findings also indicate that cognitive learning outcomes are the most frequently reported, particularly conceptual understanding and academic achievement. Several studies also explored affective outcomes and other skills, which indicate a more diverse range of learning outcomes. Overall, the evidence suggests that the 5E learning cycle contributes positively to chemistry learning
Copyright (c) 2026 Siska Juita Berlian Putri Gea, Wiji, Tuszie Widhiyanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Emotional Intelligence, Adversity Intelligence, and Self-Confidence on Science Learning Outcomes of Junior High School Students in Tamalate District, Makassar City
This study aims to analyze the effect of emotional intelligence, adversity intelligence, and self-confidence on science learning outcomes of students at public junior high schools in Tamalate District, Makassar City. The research used an ex post facto design with a survey approach involving 294 eighth-grade students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using validated questionnaires and documentation of students’ science scores, then analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression. The results show that emotional intelligence, adversity intelligence, and self-confidence are generally at a moderate level, although variations among students are evident. Science learning outcomes are also categorized as moderate, indicating that most students have met minimum competency standards but have not yet achieved optimal performance. Inferential analysis reveals that emotional intelligence, adversity intelligence, and self-confidence each have a positive and significant effect on science learning outcomes. However, simultaneously, these three variables show a more substantial collective influence, although their contribution remains relatively limited, suggesting the presence of other influencing factors outside the study. In conclusion, students’ psychological factors play an important role in determining science learning achievement. Therefore, learning strategies that integrate emotional regulation, resilience building, and self-confidence enhancement are needed to improve students’ academic performance in science.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nikma Amin, Muhiddin Palennari, Muhammad Arsyad, Firdaus Daud, Halimah Husain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Differentiation Implementation in the Discovery Learning Model on Communication Skills and Learning Outcomes
This study aims to examine the effect of implementing differentiated instruction within the Discovery Learning model on students’ communication skills and learning outcomes. This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a posttest-only control group, involving 55 eleventh-grade students at SMAN 2 Bantaeng in the 2025/2026 academic year. The experimental class received differentiated Discovery Learning, while the control class was taught using conventional Discovery Learning. Data were collected through observation (communication skills) and essay tests (learning outcomes), and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including MANOVA. The results showed that students in the experimental class achieved higher communication skills than those in the control class. The mean score of oral communication in the experimental class (89.87) was higher than in the control class (77.08), while written communication scores were 87.99 and 75.38, respectively. In addition, 51.72% of students in the experimental class were categorized as very skilled, whereas no students in the control class reached this category. Learning outcomes also showed significant differences, with the experimental class achieving a higher average score (85.14) compared to the control class (75.85). Most students in the experimental class were in the high (75.86%) and very high (13.79%) categories, while the control class was dominated by the moderate category (84.62%). These findings indicate that the integration of differentiated instruction within the Discovery Learning model is effective in improving students’ communication skills and learning outcomes. This approach supports more equitable learning, accommodates diverse student needs, and promotes the development of essential 21st-century skills such as critical thinking, collaboration, and communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Husniarti, Firdaus Daud, Halimah Husain, Muhiddin Palennari, Muhammad Arsyad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Family-Based Health Education as an Effort to Improve Self-Care Management among Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Toward Sustainable Development Goal 3
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) among elderly individuals remains a major global health challenge and contributes to Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-Being). Elderly patients often experience limitations in self-care management due to cognitive decline, multimorbidity, and reduced physical function. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of family-based health education interventions in improving self-care management among elderly patients with T2DM. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA guideline. Articles were obtained from PubMed, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and Garuda databases published between 2019–2024. The review included quantitative studies using randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool. A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings showed that family-based health education significantly improved dietary adherence, medication compliance, self-monitoring of blood glucose, self-efficacy, and glycemic control, including reductions in HbA1c levels (p < 0.05). Family involvement also enhanced emotional support and continuity of care at home. In conclusion, family-based health education is effective in improving self-care management among elderly patients with T2DM.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasifah, Wa Mina La Isa, Apriani Susmita Sari, Erna Kadrianti, Darwis, Muzakkir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0