Assessment of Baseflow Characteristics and Environmental Flow Allocation in the Welo Sub-Watershed, Central Java

Authors

Wahlul Sodikin , Pitojo Tri Juwono , Mohammad Sholichin

DOI:

10.29303/jppipa.v11i4.11049

Published:

2025-04-25

Issue:

Vol. 11 No. 4 (2025): April

Keywords:

Baseflow, Environmental flow, Flow duration curve method, Tennant method, Welo sub-watershed

Research Articles

Downloads

How to Cite

Sodikin, W., Juwono, P. T., & Sholichin, M. (2025). Assessment of Baseflow Characteristics and Environmental Flow Allocation in the Welo Sub-Watershed, Central Java. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(4), 672–684. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i4.11049
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Abstract

This study assesses baseflow characteristics and environmental flow (EF) requirements in the Welo Sub-Watershed, Central Java, Indonesia—a region increasingly affected by land use change and climate variability. Using 30 years of daily streamflow data (1994–2023), baseflow was separated using the Fixed Interval Method with analysis conducted in Excel and the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrograph Analysis (HEC-HMS). EF was estimated using both the Tennant Method and Flow Duration Curve (FDC) analysis. Results indicate that average dry-season baseflow is 0.79 m³/s, while the reliable flow (Q80) averages 1.02 m³/s. EF estimates are 0.43 m³/s (Tennant) and 0.54 m³/s (FDC). Under normal hydrological conditions, baseflow exceeds EF thresholds. However, peak irrigation demand reaching 1.30 m³/s surpasses both baseflow and Q80 during dry periods. This suggests periods of ecological stress and potential conflict among water users. These findings underscore the need for integrating EF targets into local water resource planning to safeguard ecosystem function and ensure sustainable water allocation.

References

Addor, N., Newman, A. J., Mizukami, N., & Clark, M. P. (2017). The CAMELS Data Set: Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large-Sample Studies. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 21(10), 5293–5313. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5293-2017

Albert, J. S., Destouni, G., Duke-Sylvester, S. M., Magurran, A. E., Oberdorff, T., Reis, R. E., Winemiller, K. O., & Ripple, W. J. (2021). Scientists’ Warning to Humanity on the Freshwater Biodiversity Crisis. Ambio, 50(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01318-8

Arief, S. M., Siburian, R. H., & Wahyudi, W. (2019). Tingkat Kerentanan Banjir Kota Sorong Papua Barat. Median: Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Eksakta, 11(2), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.33506/md.v11i2.456

Arnell, N. W. (1999). The Effect of Climate Change on Hydrological Regimes in Europe: A Continental Perspective. Global Environmental Change, 9(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(98)00015-6

Arthington, A. H., Bhaduri, A., Bunn, S. E., Jackson, S. E., Tharme, R. E., Tickner, D., Young, B., Acreman, M., Baker, N., Capon, S., Horne, A. C., Kendy, E., McClain, M. E., Poff, N. L. R., Richter, B. D., & Ward, S. (2018). The Brisbane Declaration and Global Action Agenda on Environmental Flows (2018). Frontiers in Environmental Science, 6(JUL), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00045

Blanco-Gómez, P., Jimeno-Sáez, P., Senent-Aparicio, J., & Pérez-Sánchez, J. (2019). Impact of Climate Change on Water Balance Components and Droughts in the Guajoyo River Basin (El Salvador). Water (Switzerland), 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112360

Castellini, M., Prima, S. D., Stewart, R., Biddoccu, M., Rahmati, M., & Alagna, V. (2022). Advances in Ecohydrology for Water Resources Optimization in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas. Water (Switzerland), 14(12), 14–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121830

Choi, K., Maharjan, G. R., & Reineking, B. (2019). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Spatially Reconfiguring Erosion Hot Spots to Reduce Stream Sediment Load in an Upland Agricultural Catchment of South Korea. Water (Switzerland), 11(5), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11050957

Di Prima, S., Castellini, M., Pirastru, M., & Keesstra, S. (2018). Soilwater Conservation: Dynamics and Impact. Water (Switzerland), 10(7), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10070952

Dwi, R., Wijayanti, P., Aurellia, N. N., Sobari, K. L., & Kirana, K. H. (2025). Bathymetry Mapping and Simulation of Water Level in Cirata Reservoir Using Dual Beam Sonar. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(2), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i2.10167

Fenicia, F., Kavetski, D., & Savenije, H. H. G. (2011). Elements of a Flexible Approach for Conceptual Hydrological Modeling: Motivation and Theoretical Development. Water Resources Research, 47(11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010174

Granados, A., Sordo-Ward, A., Paredes-Beltrán, B., & Garrote, L. (2021). Exploring the Role of Reservoir Storage in Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change in Southern Europe. Water (Switzerland), 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/w13010085

Grizzetti, B., Pistocchi, A., Liquete, C., Udias, A., Bouraoui, F., & Bund, W. V. D. (2017). Human Pressures and Ecological Status of European Rivers. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00324-3

Hatmoko, J. (2012). Prinsip dan Aplikasi Teknik Hidrologi. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.

Hizazi, A., & Subagyo, A. (2025). Improving Lake Water Clarity by Cultivation of Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes). Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(1), 1092–1098. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i1.8504

Hoan, N. X., Khoi, D. N., & Nhi, P. T. T. (2020). Uncertainty Assessment of Streamflow Projection Under the Impact of Climate Change in the Lower Mekong Basin: A Case Study of the Srepok River Basin, Vietnam. Water and Environment Journal, 34(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12447

Ilmi, M. K. (2022). Penentuan Debit Lingkungan di DAS Dodokan Berdasarkan Metode Tennant dan Flow Duration Curve (FDC) Determination. Media Ilmiah Teknik Sipil, 10(38), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.33084/mits.v10i2.3542

Indarto, I. (2016). Hidrologi, Metode Analisis dan Tool untuk Intepretasi Hidrograf Aliran Sungai. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.

Indaryani, A. D., Wibowo, D. N., Ardli, E. R., Hilmi, E., Hidayat, S., & Gomes, N. (2025). Analysis of Important Factors of Groundwater Availability in Narmada District, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(1), 673–683. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i1.7031

IPCC. (2023). Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.001

Karimi, S. S., Yasi, M., & Eslamian, S. (2012). Use of Hydrological Methods for Assessment of Environmental Flow in a River Reach. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 9(3), 549–558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0062-6

Laaha, G., Gauster, T., Tallaksen, L. M., Vidal, J. P., Stahl, K., Prudhomme, C., & Heudorfer, B. (2017). The European 2015 Drought from a Groundwater Perspective. Geophysical Research Abstracts EGU General Assembly, 19, 2017–12781. Retrieved from http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2017/EGU2017-12781.pdf

Limantara, L. M. (2010). Hidrologi Praktis. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.

Liu, S., Xie, Z., Liu, B., Wang, Y., Gao, J., Zeng, Y., Xie, J., Xie, Z., Jia, B., Qin, P., Li, R., Wang, L., & Chen, S. (2020). Global River Water Warming Due to Climate Change and Anthropogenic Heat Emission. Global and Planetary Change, 193, 103289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103289

Liu, Z., Liu, S., Ye, J., Sheng, F., You, K., Xiong, X., & Lai, G. (2019). Application of a Digital Filter Method to Separate Baseflow in the Small Watershed of Pengchongjian in Southern China. Forests, 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/F10121065

Loon, A. F. V., & Laaha, G. (2015). Hydrological Drought Severity Explained by Climate and Catchment Characteristics. Journal of Hydrology, 526, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.059

Mardyansyah, R. Y., Kurniawan, B., Soekirno, S., & Nuryanto, D. E. (2024). Communication Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimation for Flood Mitigation in Papua. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(12), 11326–11335. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i12.8409

McMahon, T. A., & Nathan, R. J. (2021). Baseflow and Transmission Loss: A Review. WIREs Water, 8(4), e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1527

Narulita, I. (2017). Pengaruh ENSO dan IOD pada Variabilitas Curah Hujan di DAS Cerucuk, Pulau Belitung. Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim, 41(1), 45–60. Retrieved from https://epublikasi.pertanian.go.id/berkala/jti/article/view/3190

Nuraya, T., Panji, L., & Agawaman, I. (2025). Effect of River Organic Carbon Input in Mangrove Sediment. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(2), 1043–1052. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i2.10158

Opperman, J. J., Kendy, E., Tharme, R. E., Warner, A. T., Barrios, E., & Richter, B. D. (2018). A Three-Level Framework for Assessing and Implementing Environmental Flows. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 6(AUG), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00076

Permatasari, R., Sabar, A., Natakusumah, D. K., & Samaulah, H. (2019). Effects of Watershed Topography and Land Use on Baseflow Hydrology in Upstream Komering South Sumatera, Indonesia. International Journal of GEOMATE, 17(59), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.21660/2019.59.4695

Poff, N. L. R., Olden, J. D., Merritt, D. M., & Pepin, D. M. (2007). Homogenization of Regional River Dynamics by Dams and Global Biodiversity Implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(14), 5732–5737. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609812104

Poff, N. L., Tharme, R. E., & Arthington, A. H. (2017). Chapter 11 - Evolution of Environmental Flows Assessment Science, Principles, and Methodologies (A. C. Horne, J. A. Webb, M. J. Stewardson, B. Richter, & M. B. T.-W. for the E. Acreman (eds.); pp. 203–236). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803907-6.00011-5

Purwanto, A., & Paiman, P. (2023). Flood Risk Spatial Modeling Based on Geographical Information Systems and Remote Sensing in the Pemangkat Regensi. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(11), 9554–9563. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i11.5264

Putra, F. A., Ekowati, T., & Arianti, F. D. (2025). Stakeholders Involvement in Sediment Management in Rawa Pening Lake , Central Java , Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(60), 1006–1016. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i2.10387

Randhir, T. O., & Klosterman, K. B. (2024). Modeling Landscape Influence on Stream Baseflows for Watershed Conservation. Land, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/land13030324

Reid, A. J., Carlson, A. K., Creed, I. F., Eliason, E. J., Gell, P. A., Johnson, P. T. J., Kidd, K. A., MacCormack, T. J., Olden, J. D., Ormerod, S. J., Smol, J. P., Taylor, W. W., Tockner, K., Vermaire, J. C., Dudgeon, D., & Cooke, S. J. (2019). Emerging Threats and Persistent Conservation Challenges for Freshwater Biodiversity. Biological Reviews, 94(3), 849–873. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12480

Sawicz, K., Wagener, T., Sivapalan, M., Troch, P. A., & Carrillo, G. (2011). Catchment Classification: Empirical Analysis of Hydrologic Similarity Based on Catchment Function in the Eastern USA. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(9), 2895–2911. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2895-2011

Soares, R., & Sudaryanti, S. (2025). Bioassessment of Macroinvertebrates in Coban Rais River, Oro- Oro Ombo Vilage, Post Administrative of Batu, Batu City. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(1), 405–414. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i1.8871

Stahl, K., Hisdal, H., Tallaksen, L., Lanen, H. A. J., Hannaford, J., & Sauquet, E. (2008). Trends in Low Flows and Streamflow Droughts Across Europe. May 2014. Retrieved from http://library.wur.nl/webquery/wurpubs/374150%0ahttp://en.scientificcommons.org/39629850

Tallaksen, L. M., Lanen, H. A. J. V., Hannaford, J., Hisdal, H., Kingston, D. G., Laaha, G., Prudhomme, C., Stagge, J. H., Stahl, K., Loon, A. F. V., & Wanders, N. (2023). Hydrological Drought – Processes and Estimation Methods for Streamflow and Groundwater. EGU General Assembly 2023. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-13352

Taufik, M., & Annisa, S. (2022). Baseflow Index Analysis for Bengawan Solo River, Indonesia. Agromet, 36(2), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.29244/j.agromet.36.2.70-78

Touseef, M., Chen, L., & Yang, W. (2021). Assessment of Surfacewater Availability Under Climate Change Using Coupled SWAT-WEAP in Hongshui River Basin, China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050298

Wang, Y., Rhoads, B. L., & Wang, D. (2016). Assessment of the Flow Regime Alterations in the Middle Reach of the Yangtze River Associated with Dam Construction: Potential Ecological Implications. Hydrological Processes, 30(21), 3949–3966. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10921

Wardani, A., Akbar, A. J., Handayani, L., & Lubis, A. M. (2023). Correlation Among Rainfall, Humidity, and The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Phenomena in Bengkulu City During the Period from 1985-2020. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(4), 1664–1671. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i4.2971

Wedajo, G. K., Muleta, M. K., & Awoke, B. G. (2024). Impacts of Combined and Separate Land Cover and Climate Changes on Hydrologic Responses of Dhidhessa River Basin, Ethiopia. International Journal of River Basin Management, 22(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2022.2101464

Wu, F., Zhan, J., Su, H., Yan, H., & Ma, E. (2015). Scenario-Based Impact Assessment of Land Use/Cover and Climate Changes on Watershed Hydrology in Heihe River Basin of Northwest China. Advances in Meteorology, 2015(1), 410198. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/410198

Yang, L., Feng, Q., Yin, Z., Wen, X., Si, J., Li, C., & Deo, R. C. (2017). Identifying Separate Impacts of Climate and Land Use/Cover Change on Hydrological Processes in Upper Stream of Heihe River, Northwest China. Hydrological Processes, 31(5), 1100–1112. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11098

Zaini, A. Z. A., Vonnisa, M., Marzuki, M., & Ramadhan, R. (2023). Seasonal Variation of Rainfall in Indonesia under Normal Conditions without ENSO and IOD Events from 1981-2021. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(11), 9899–9909. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i11.4569

Zhang, M., Liu, N., Harper, R., Li, Q., Liu, K., Wei, X., Ning, D., Hou, Y., & Liu, S. (2017). A Global Review on Hydrological Responses to Forest Change Across Multiple Spatial Scales: Importance of Scale, Climate, Forest Type and Hydrological Regime. Journal of Hydrology, 546, 44–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.040

Zhang, X., Xu, Y., Hao, F., Li, C., & Wang, X. (2019). Hydrological Components Variability Under the Impact of Climate Change in a Semi-Arid River Basin. Water (Switzerland), 11(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061122

Author Biographies

Wahlul Sodikin, Universitas Brawijaya

Pitojo Tri Juwono, Universitas Brawijaya

Mohammad Sholichin, Universitas Brawijaya

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Wahlul Sodikin, Pitojo Tri Juwono, Mohammad Sholichin

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).