Spatial Analysis of Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in Banda Aceh Using Google Earth Engine
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v11i7.11089Published:
2025-07-25Downloads
Abstract
This study investigates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with a focus on carbon monoxide (CO), in Banda Aceh City to identify their sources and spatial distribution. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was utilized to process and analyze Sentinel-5P satellite data from November 2023 to November 2024. The results indicate that CO emissions are mainly generated by transportation, industrial activities, and forest fires, reflecting the significant influence of human activities on air quality. Spatial analysis reveals that northern coastal sub-districts, including Kutaraja, Kuta Alam, and Syiah Kuala, experience the highest CO concentrations, while Meuraxa and Jaya Baru show moderate levels, and southern and inland sub-districts such as Banda Raya, Ulee Kareng, and Lueng Bata exhibit low concentrations. The distribution pattern highlights the role of population density, economic activity, and land cover in shaping emission intensity. By leveraging near real-time satellite monitoring, this study provides detailed emission mapping that can guide urban air quality management and climate mitigation strategies. These findings serve as a valuable reference for policymakers and researchers in formulating emission reduction measures and enhancing climate resilience in urban environments.
References
Butler, C. D., & Whelan, J. (2018). Air Pollution and Climate Change in Australia: A Triple Burden. In Climate Change and Air Pollution (pp. 131–149). Springer Climate. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61346-8_9
Chaudhry, S. K., Tripathi, S. N., Reddy, T. V. R., Kumar, A., Madhwal, S., Yadav, A. K., & Pradhan, P. K. (2024). Influence of seasonal variation on spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentration using low-cost sensors. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-13377-5
Dong, X., Zhao, X., Peng, F., & Wang, D. (2020). Population based Air Pollution Exposure and its influence factors by Integrating Air Dispersion Modeling with GIS Spatial Analysis. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 479. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57385-9
Espira, L. M., Gessese, B., Kassa, B. A., Wu, C.-C., Riley, J., Bedru, S., Sahilu, G., Desta, A., Baye, K., Jones, A. D., Love, N. G., & Eisenberg, J. N. S. (2023). Multiscalar Evaluation of the Water Distribution System and Diarrheal Disease Risk in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(36), 13313–13324. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c08976
Hazaymeh, K., & Al-Jarrah, M. (2024). Assessing the impact of land cover on air quality parameters in Jordan: A spatiotemporal study using remote sensing and cloud computing (2019–2022). International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 135, 104293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2024.104293
Jafari, A. J., Charkhloo, E., & Pasalari, H. (2021). Urban air pollution control policies and strategies: a systematic review. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 19(2), 1911–1940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00744-4
Jiang, T., Jia, G., Yu, X., Zhang, T., & Feng, Y. (2025). Hydrologic Response to Extreme Climate Change in the Qinghai Lake Basin. Climatic Change, 169(3). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5168485
Kumar, R., & Gupta, P. (2016). Air Pollution Control Policies and Regulations. In Plant Responses to Air Pollution (pp. 133–149). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1201-3_12
Latue, P. C., Rakuasa, H., & Sihasale, D. A. (2023). Analisis Kerapatan Vegetasi Kota Ambon Menggunakan Data Citra Satelit Sentinel-2 dengan Metode MSARVI Berbasis Machine Learning pada Google Earth Engine. Sudo Jurnal Teknik Informatika, 2(2), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.56211/sudo.v2i2.270
Liang, D., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Ma, C. (2019). National air pollution distribution in China and related geographic, gaseous pollutant, and socio-economic factors. Environmental Pollution, 250, 998–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.075
Lv, W., Wu, Y., & Zang, J. (2021). A Review on the Dispersion and Distribution Characteristics of Pollutants in Street Canyons and Improvement Measures. Energies, 14(19), 6155. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196155
Pérez, I. A., García, M. Á., Sánchez, M. L., Pardo, N., & Fernández-Duque, B. (2020). Key Points in Air Pollution Meteorology. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228349
Pratama, R. (2016). Efek rumah kaca terhadap bumi. Buletin Utama Teknik, 3814(2), 120–126. Retrieved from https://jurnal.uisu.ac.id/index.php/but/article/view/1096
Sharma, P., Peshin, S. K., Soni, V. K., Singh, S., Beig, G., & Ghosh, C. (2022). Seasonal dynamics of particulate matter pollution and its dispersion in the city of Delhi, India. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 134(2), 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-021-00852-8
Shelton, S., Liyanage, G., Jayasekara, S., Pushpawela, B., Rathnayake, U., Jayasundara, A., & Jayasooriya, L. D. (2022). Seasonal Variability of Air Pollutants and Their Relationships to Meteorological Parameters in an Urban Environment. Advances in Meteorology, 2022, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5628911
Thakur, J., Thever, P., Gharai, B., Sesha Sai, M., & Pamaraju, Vnr. (2019). Enhancement of carbon monoxide concentration in atmosphere due to large scale forest fire of Uttarakhand. PeerJ, 7, e6507. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6507
Timofeev, Y. M., & Nerobelov, G. M. (2024). Satellite Investigations of the Atmospheric Gas Composition. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 60(6), 660–688. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433824700658
Tjiwidjaja, H., & Salima, R. (2023). Dampak Energi Fosil Terhadap Perubahan Iklim Dan Solusi Berbasis Energi Hijau. Jurnal Wilayah, Kota Dan Lingkungan Berkelanjutan, 2(2), 166–172. https://doi.org/10.58169/jwikal.v2i2.625
WHO. (2021). Air quality and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health
Yang, J., Shi, B., Shi, Y., Marvin, S., Zheng, Y., & Xia, G. (2020). Air pollution dispersal in high density urban areas: Research on the triadic relation of wind, air pollution, and urban form. Sustainable Cities and Society, 54, 101941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101941
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nakita Chairunnisa, Wira Dharma, Alia Rizki
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
