The Influence of Maternal Nutrition and Micronutrient Intake on the Incidence of Low Birth Weight (LBW)
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v11i7.12018Published:
2025-07-25Downloads
Abstract
Low Birth Weight (LBW) is an important indicator in assessing the health status of newborns, and contributes to increased neonatal morbidity and mortality rates. Maternal factors, especially nutritional status and adequacy of micronutrient intake during pregnancy, are known to influence the incidence of LBW. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal nutritional status and micronutrient intake (iron and folic acid) with the incidence of LBW in the Deket Health Center working area, Lamongan Regency. This study used a descriptive analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The population consisted of 11 pregnant women who gave birth at the Deket Health Center in 2024. Data were collected through structured interviews, nutritional status assessments based on KEK indicators, and assessments of iron and folic acid intake. The analysis was carried out using the Fisher's Exact Test. Of the 11 respondents, 3 cases of LBW were found. There were 3 mothers who experienced KEK, 6 mothers with insufficient iron intake, and 7 mothers who did not meet folic acid needs. The results of statistical tests showed that the relationship between nutritional status and micronutrient intake with the incidence of LBW was not statistically significant (p = 0.091), but showed a tendency for a clinically relevant relationship. Nutritional status and adequacy of micronutrient intake of pregnant women have the potential to influence the incidence of LBW although the relationship was not statistically significant. Prevention efforts through nutritional education and monitoring the status of pregnant women need to be strengthened as part of health services at the Community Health Center.
Keywords:
Low birth weight (LBW) Incidence Maternal Nutrition Micronutrient IntakeReferences
Aghadiati, F. (2020). Hubungan Asupan Asam Folat, Zat Besi Dan Status Ekonomi Keluarga dengan Berat Bayi Lahir. Jurnal Kesehatan Terpadu (Integrated Health Journal), 11(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.32695/jkt.v11i1.52
Arabzadeh, H., Doosti-Irani, A., Kamkari, S., Farhadian, M., Elyasi, E., & Mohammadi, Y. (2024). The maternal factors associated with infant low birth weight: An umbrella review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06487-y
Armengaud, J. B., Yzydorczyk, C., Siddeek, B., Peyter, A. C., & Simeoni, U. (2021). Intrauterine growth restriction: Clinical consequences on health and disease at adulthood. Reproductive Toxicology, 99, 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.10.005
Bekele, Y., Gallagher, C., Batra, M., Vicendese, D., Buultjens, M., & Erbas, B. (2024). Is Oral Iron and Folate Supplementation during Pregnancy Protective against Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth in Africa? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 16(16), 2801. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162801
Birhanie, M. W., Adekunle, A. O., Arowojolu, A. O., Dugul, T. T., & Mebiratie, A. L. (2020).
Micronutrients Deficiency and Their Associations with Pregnancy Outcomes: A Review. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements, Volume 12, 237–254. https://doi.org/10.2147/nds.s274646
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., De Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., & Uauy, R. (2013). Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 382(9890), 427–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60937-x
Brink, L. R., Bender, T. M., Davies, R., Luo, H., Miketinas, D., Shah, N., Loveridge, N., Gross, G., & Fawkes, N. (2022). Optimizing Maternal Nutrition: The Importance of a Tailored Approach. Current Developments in Nutrition, 6(9), nzac118. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac118
Bryce, E., Munos, M., Lama, T. P., Khatry, S. K., LeClerq, S., & Katz, J. (2022). Validation of Maternal Report of Receipt of Iron–Folic Acid Supplementation during Antenatal Care in Rural Southern Nepal. The Journal of Nutrition, 152(1), 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab336
Cahyorini, R. W., Komalyna, I. N. T., & Suwita, I. K. (2022). Hubungan Pola Makan, Aktivitas Fisik dan Konsumsi Fast Food terhadap Kejadian Gizi Lebih pada Remaja. AgriHealth: Journal of Agri-Food, Nutrition and Public Health, 2(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.20961/agrihealth.v2i2.54283
Darnton-Hill, I., & Mkparu, U. (2015). Micronutrients in Pregnancy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Nutrients, 7(3), 1744–1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031744
Dary, D., Aprilia, V. D., & Istiarti, E. (2022). Status gizi ibu berkontribusi terhadap kejadian BBLR. Jurnal Kebidanan Dan Keperawatan Aisyiyah, 18(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.31101/jkk.1144
De Souza L. B., Sanches, A. P. V., Ferreira, M. S., De Oliveira, J. L., Cleal, J. K., & Ignacio-Souza, L. (2024). Maternal-placental axis and its impact on fetal outcomes, metabolism, and development. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, 1870(1), 166855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166855
Donker, A. E., Van Der Staaij, H., & Swinkels, D. W. (2021). The critical roles of iron during the journey from fetus to adolescent: Developmental aspects of iron homeostasis. Blood Reviews, 50, 100866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2021.100866
Dwi Listiarini, U., Maryanti, E., & Sofiah, N. S. (2022). Status Gizi Ibu Hamil Berhubungan dengan Bayi Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR). Jurnal Kesehatan Mahardika, 9(2), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.54867/jkm.v9i2.107
Engidaw, M. T., Eyayu, T., & Tiruneh, T. (2022). The effect of maternal anaemia on low birth weight among newborns in Northwest Ethiopia. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19726-z
Fanzo, J., Bellows, A. L., Spiker, M. L., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., & Bloem, M. W. (2021). The importance of food systems and the environment for nutrition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 113(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa313
Farias, P. M., Marcelino, G., Santana, L. F., De Almeida, E. B., Guimarães, R. D. C. A., Pott, A., Hiane, P. A., & Freitas, K. D. C. (2020). Minerals in Pregnancy and Their Impact on Child Growth and Development. Molecules, 25(23), 5630. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235630
Fatima, N., Yaqoob, S., Rana, L., Imtiaz, A., Iqbal, M. J., Bashir, Z., Shaukat, A., Naveed, H., Sultan, W., Afzal, M., Kashif, Z., Al-Asmari, F., Shen, Q., & Ma, Y. (2025). Micro-nutrient sufficiency in mothers and babies: Management of deficiencies while avoiding overload during pregnancy. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1476672
Haider, B. A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd004905.pub5
Hidayati, R. (2024). Kandungan Gula dan Vitamin C pada Minuman Ready to Drink dengan Klaim Vitamin C. Jurnal Mutu Pangan : Indonesian Journal of Food Quality, 11(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.29244/jmpi.2024.11.1.52
Hussain, A., Umair, M., Khan, S., Alonazi, W. B., Almutairi, S. S., & Malik, A. (2024). Exploring sustainable healthcare: Innovations in health economics, social policy, and management. Heliyon, 10(13), e33186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33186
Kurniasari, L., Nugraheni, S. A., Kartasurya, M. I., & Agushybana, F. (2025). Reducing Low Birth Weight through Integrated Learning Groups: A Pregnancy Education House Approach. The Open Public Health Journal, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/0118749445361786250102072927
Liu, D., Li, S., Zhang, B., Kang, Y., Cheng, Y., Zeng, L., Chen, F., Mi, B., Qu, P., Zhao, D., Zhu, Z., Yan, H., Wang, D., & Dang, S. (2022). Maternal Hemoglobin Concentrations and Birth Weight, Low Birth Weight (LBW), and Small for Gestational Age (SGA): Findings from a Prospective Study in Northwest China. Nutrients, 14(4), 858. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040858
Mizuno, S., Nagaie, S., Tamiya, G., Kuriyama, S., Obara, T., Ishikuro, M., Tanaka, H., Kinoshita, K., Sugawara, J., Yamamoto, M., Yaegashi, N., & Ogishima, S. (2023). Establishment of the early prediction models of low-birth-weight reveals influential genetic and environmental factors: A prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05919-5
Mulyono, A. (2022). The Effect of Cigarette Smoke Exposure with Bidara (Sidr) Leaf Powder Biofilter on Glucose Levels and Pancreas Histology in Mice Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, 17(2), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170209
Mursil, M., Rashwan, H. A., Cavallé-Busquets, P., Santos-Calderón, L. A., Murphy, M. M., & Puig, D. (2024). Maternal Nutritional Factors Enhance Birthweight Prediction: A Super Learner Ensemble Approach. Information, 15(11), 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15110714
Nguyen, P. H., Kachwaha, S., Tran, L. M., Sanghvi, T., Ghosh, S., Kulkarni, B., Beesabathuni, K., Menon, P., & Sethi, V. (2021). Maternal Diets in India: Gaps, Barriers, and Opportunities. Nutrients, 13(10), 3534. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103534
Nita, V. (2025). Pengaruh Edukasi Gizi Kepada Ibu Hamil Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Kejadian BBLR. JPEMAS: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(2), 114–117. https://doi.org/10.71456/adc.v3i2.1178
Nurul, H., Hermiaty N., Fadil, M. P., Hamsah, & Nesyana, N. (2024). Hubungan Lingkar Lengan Atas dan Konsumsi Tablet Tambah Darah Ibu Hamil terhadap Kejadian BBLR. Fakumi Medical Journal: Jurnal Mahasiswa Kedokteran, 4(11), 736–745. https://doi.org/10.33096/fmj.v4i11.512
Olloqui-Mundet, M. J., Cavia, M. D. M., Alonso-Torre, S. R., & Carrillo, C. (2024). Dietary Habits and Nutritional Knowledge of Pregnant Women: The Importance of Nutrition Education. Foods, 13(19), 3189. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193189
Onyeneho, N. G., I’Aronu, N., Chukwu, N., Agbawodikeizu, U. P., Chalupowski, M., & Subramanian, S. V. (2016). Factors associated with compliance to recommended micronutrients uptake for prevention of anemia during pregnancy in urban, peri-urban, and rural communities in Southeast Nigeria. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-016-0068-7
Putri, S. A., Sebba, A. K., & Asmuni, A. (2022). The Determinants of Stunting Incidence in Children Aged 24-59 Months. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 13(3), 306–320. https://doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2022.13.2.306-320
Ramakrishnan, U., Wimalasena, S. T., Young, M. F., Khuong, L. Q., Tran, L. M., Hoffman, D. J., Martorell, R., & Nguyen, P. H. (2024). Preconception Micronutrient Supplementation Affects Maternal BMI and Body Composition Postpartum: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Vietnam. The Journal of Nutrition, 154(4), 1440–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.024
Sholiha, H., & Sumarmi, S. (2016). Analisis Risiko Kejadian Berat Bayi Lahir Rendah (BBLR) Pada Primigravida. Media Gizi Indonesia, 10(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v10i1.57-63
Wang, R., Xu, S., Hao, X., Jin, X., Pan, D., Xia, H., Liao, W., Yang, L., & Wang, S. (2025). Anemia during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2025.1502585
Wang, X., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-Sectional Studies. Chest, 158(1), S65–S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
Wilson, R. D., & O’Connor, D. L. (2021). Maternal folic acid and multivitamin supplementation: International clinical evidence with considerations for the prevention of folate-sensitive birth defects. Preventive Medicine Reports, 24, 101617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101617
Wulandari, F., Mahmudiono, T., Rifqi, M. A., Helmyati, S., Dewi, M., & Yuniar, C. T. (2022). Maternal Characteristics and Socio-Economic Factors as Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Indonesia: Analysis of 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 13892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113892
Xu, A., Baysari, M. T., Stocker, S. L., Leow, L. J., Day, R. O., & Carland, J. E. (2020). Researchers’ views on, and experiences with, the requirement to obtain informed consent in research involving human participants: A qualitative study. BMC Medical Ethics, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-020-00538-7
Yulia, C., Rosdiana, D. S., Muktiarni, M., & Sari, D. R. (2024). Reflections of well-being: Navigating body image, chronic energy deficiency, and nutritional intake among urban and rural adolescents. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1346929
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Eka Sarofah Ningsih, Khusnul Nikmah, Ida Susila
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
