Developing Educational Games Based on PjBL to Improve Science Literacy
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v11i10.12397Published:
2025-10-25Downloads
Abstract
Students' scientific literacy skills are still categorized as very low, this occurs due to the lack of innovative learning media capable. This research aims to develop educational games based on Project Based Learning (PjBL) to improve the scientific literacy of elementary school students. This research is a type of development research (R&D) with the ADDIE development model. The methods used in this research are quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected through model validation assessment sheets, implementation observations, and documentation. The model was tested on 115 fifth-grade students from three elementary schools in Kulon Progo Regency. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, then analyzed inferentially with a paired sample t-test. The results of the study indicate: (1) the validation of the educational game product obtained an average score of 89.91% from experts and 82.82% from practitioners and (2) The analysis results show a probability value of 0.00 < 0.05, meaning there is a difference between the results of the pretest of science literacy skills and the posttest. So it can be concluded that the development of PjBL-based educational games is proven to be valid, feasible, and effective in improving the scientific literacy of elementary school students.
Keywords:
Educational games, Elementary school, Project based learning, Science literacyReferences
Adachi, P. J. C., & Willoughby, T. (2013). More Than Just Fun and Games: The Longitudinal Relationships Between Strategic Video Games, Self-Reported Problem Solving Skills, and Academic Grades. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(7), 1041–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9913-9
Akhter, N., Ali, M. ., Siddique, M., & Akram, M. . (2021). The role and importance of communicating science for building up understanding of science applications. Multicultural Education, 7(10), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5563105
Anggraeni, R. E., & Suratno. (2021). The analysis of the development of the 5E-STEAM learning model to improve critical thinking skills in natural science lesson. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1832(1), 012050. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1832/1/012050
Berliana, D. R., Suwarma, I. R., & Novia, H. (2024). The Effect of Project Based Learning (PjBL) - STEM in Improving Students’ Science Literacy Skills on Topic of Alternative Energy. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Dan Teknologi, 10(1), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.29303/jpft.v10i1.6896
Brundiers, K., & Wiek, A. (2013). Do We Teach What We Preach? An International Comparison of Problem- and Project-Based Learning Courses in Sustainability. Sustainability, 5(4), 1725–1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5041725
Chen, C. H., & Yang, Y. C. (2019). Revisiting the effects of project-based learning on students’ academic achievement: A meta-analysis investigating moderators. In Educational Research Review (Vol. 26). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.11.001
Dibyantini, R. E., Amdayani, S., Siregar, M. I., & Syafriani, D. (2023). Application of STEM-PjBL Based Chemistry Module to Improve Science Literacy and Student Learning Motivation. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(SpecialIssue), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9iSpecialIssue.5872
Dichev, C., & Dicheva, D. (2017). Gamifying education: what is known, what is believed and what remains uncertain: a critical review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0042-5
Dwiharja, L. M. (2015). Memanfaatkan Edmodo Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Akuntansi. Jurnal Pendidikan Informatika Dan Sains, 2(2), 332–344. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/download/94580946/33518845.pdf
Erman, E., Liliasari, L., Ramdani, M., & Wakhidah, N. (2020). Addressing Macroscopic Issues: Helping Student Form Associations Between Biochemistry and Sports and Aiding Their Scientific Literacy. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 18(5), 831–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-019-09990-3
Fatimah, S. (2018). The effect of project based science learning on PGSD students ’ creative thinking ability. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 7(2), 100–105. Retrieved from https://shorturl.at/M8Gr1
Forawi, S. A. (2016). Standard-based science education and critical thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 20, 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2016.02.005
Garzón, J. (2021). An overview of twenty-five years of augmented reality in education. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 5(7), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5070037
Guo, P., Saab, N., Post, L. S., & Admiraal, W. (2020). A review of project-based learning in higher education: Student outcomes and measures. International Journal of Educational Research, 102, 101586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101586
Hafiz, M., Tarmizi, M., & Janan, D. (2022). Content Validity of The Reading Skills Teaching Module Through a Foreign Language Teaching Approach. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 7(12), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i12.1990
Hamweete, W. (2012). Quality Assurance in Modules at the Institute of Distance Education, the University of Zambia. Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania, 13(2), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.4314/huria.v13i2
Handayani, F., Setiadi, D., Artayasa, I. P., & Jufri, A. W. (2023). Pengaruh Project Based Learning Pembuatan Awetan Bioplastik terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif dan Literasi Sains Peserta Didik. Jurnal Ilmiah Profesi Pendidikan, 8(4), 2235–2240. https://doi.org/10.29303/jipp.v8i4.1711
Hanus, M. D., & Fox, J. (2015). Assessing the effects of gamification in the classroom: A longitudinal study on intrinsic motivation, social comparison, satisfaction, effort, and academic performance. Computers and Education, 80, 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.08.019
Hendrawati, R., Winanto, A., & Kristanti, H. S. (2024). Upaya Peningkatkan Collaboration Skills Peserta Didik SD Melalui Penerapan Project Based Learning (PjBL). Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 14(01), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.24246/j.js.2024.v14.i01.p1-7
Howard, S. K., Swist, T., Gasevic, D., Bartimote, K., Knight, S., Gulson, K., Apps, T., Peloche, J., Hutchinson, N., & Selwyn, N. (2022). Educational data journeys: Where are we going, what are we taking and making for AI? Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100073
Husniyyah, A. A., Erman, E., Purnomo, T., & Budiyanto, M. (2023). Scientific Literacy Improvement Using Socio-Scientific Issues Learning. IJORER : International Journal of Recent Educational Research, 4(4), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.46245/ijorer.v4i4.303
Hutama, F. S. (2016). Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Ips Berbasis Nilai Budaya Using Untuk Siswa Sekolah Dasar. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 5(2), 113. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v5i2.8359
Isabekov, A., & Sadyrova, G. (2018). Vocational Teacher Education in Central Asia Developing Skills and Facilitating Sucess. In Technical and Vocational Education and Training (Vol. 28). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73093-6_12
Ishaq, K., Rosdi, F., Zin, N. A. M., & Abid, A. (2022). Serious game design model for language learning in the cultural context. In Education and Information Technologies (Vol. 27, Issue 7). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10999-5
Jamaludin, A. J., & Sriyansyah, S. P. (2023). An Experimental Comparison of a Problem-Based Learning and a POE-Assisted Project-Based Learning Model of Teaching Scientific Literacy. Journal of Natural Science and Integration, 6(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.24014/jnsi.v6i1.13279
Jufri, A. W., Setiadi, D., & Sripatmi. (2016). Scientific reasoning ability of prospective student teacher in the excellence program of mathematics and science teacher education in University of Mataram. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 5(1), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v5i1.5792
Juleha, S., Nugraha, I., & Feranie, S. (2019). The Effect of Project in Problem-Based Learning on Students’ Scientific and Information Literacy in Learning Human Excretory System. Journal of Science Learning, 2(2), 33. https://doi.org/10.17509/jsl.v2i2.12840
Juniati, N. W., & Widiana, I. W. (2017). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Ipa. Journal of Education Action Research, 1(2), 122. https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v1i2.12045
Kankaew, K., Alanya-Beltran, J., Khamidullina, Z., Capulso, L. B., Cabacang, G. S., & Pentang, J. T. (2021). Immediate Program Learning Outcomes of Information Technology Candidates and their Introspections Towards IT Education Relevance and Global Competence Initiatives y, Philippines. Psychology and Education Journal, 58(2), 5417– 5427. https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.2953
Karmana, I. W. (2024). Penerapan Model Project Based Learning (PjBL) terhadap Kemampuan Literasi Sains dan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik pada Pembelajaran IPA di Sekolah. Panthera : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Sains Dan Terapan, 4(2), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.36312/panthera.v4i2.273
Kokotsaki, D., Menzies, V., & Wiggins, A. (2016). Project-based learning: A review of the literature. Improving Schools, 19(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480216659733
Korkusuz, M. E. (2013). Educational Game Development Models. Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi, 7(2), 78–109. https://doi.org/10.12973/nefmed203
Krajcik, J. S., & Shin, N. (2014). Project-Based Learning. In Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences (2nd ed., pp. 275–297). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139519526.018
Liu, Y., Abdullah, F., Paliyawan, P., Thawonmas, R., & Harada, T. (2019). Improving brain memory through gaming using hand clenching and spreading. Proceedings - MIG 2019: ACM Conference on Motion, Interaction, and Games, October. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359566.3364689
Marjanah, M., Pandia, E., & Nursamsu, N. (2021). Development of Practicum Instruction Module Based on Project Based Learning (PjBL) Integrated with Science Process Skills and Scientific Literacy. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 7(SpecialIssue), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v7ispecialissue.874
Miller, J. L., & Kocurek, C. A. (2017). Principles for educational game development for young children. Journal of Children and Media, 11(3), 314–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2017.1308398
Misesani, D., Janggo, W. O., & Wuwur, M. S. N. (2020). Need Analysis in ADDIE Model to Develop Academic Speaking Materials. Ethical Lingua: Journal of Language Teaching and Literature, 7(2), 438–446. https://doi.org/10.30605/25409190.226
Movahedzadeh, F., Patwell, R., Rieker, J. E., & Gonzalez, T. (2012). Project-Based Learning to Promote Effective Learning in Biotechnology Courses. Education Research International, 2012, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/536024
Nadiyah, R. S., & Faaizah, S. (2015). The Development of Online Project Based Collaborative Learning Using ADDIE Model. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1803–1812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.392
Nuri, N., Wahyuni, S., & Ridlo, Z. R. (2023). Development of an Android-Based Mobile Learning Module to Improve the Students Critical Thinking Skills. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(7), 4991–4998. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i7.2944
OECD. (2019). PISA 2018 Assessment and Analytical Framework. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b25efab8-en
Perez, B., & Rubio, A. L. (2020). A project-based learning approach for enhancing learning skills and motivation in software engineering. SIGCSE 2020 - Proceedings of the 51st ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, Section 3, 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1145/3328778.3366891
Permana, F. H., Chamisijatin, L., & Zaenab, S. (2021). Blended learning berbasis project-based learning untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis. JINoP (Jurnal Inovasi Pembelajaran), 7(2), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.22219/jinop.v7i2.10353
Prensky, M. (2021). Digital Game-based Learning. ACM Computers in Entertainment, 1(1), 621–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79143-8_108
Priska, D., Sari, P., & Utomo, S. (2021). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif IPS berbasis Problem Based Learning dan Ular Tangga. JPE (Jurnal Pendidikan Edutama), 8(1), 1–12. Retrieved from https://shorturl.at/MVrC3
Rahman, M. A., Rahman, A., & Design, R. (2021). Design Learning Module Fundamental of Computer Science: Evaluation of Content Validity. International Journal of Research in Education and Science (IJRES), 74, 1104–1116. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.2346
Restiani, U., Fatih, M., & Alfi, C. (2024). Pengembangan Labirin Gaya Game Materi Gaya Berbantuan Wordwall Meningkatkan Self Efficacy Dan Literasi Sains Siswa Sd. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Citra Bakti, 11(4), 1025–1039. https://doi.org/10.38048/jipcb.v11i4.3838
Riduwan. (2012). Skala Pengukuran Variabel-variabel Penelitian Pendidikan. Alfabeta.
Rini, T. A., & Solehah, F. P. (2021). Development of E-Module for Online Training Minimum Competency Assessment for Elementary School Teacher. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 609, 214–219. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211210.037
Rizkia, N. A., Lestari, I., Sekaringtyas, T., & Usman, H. (2025). Development of PjBL-based Digital Comic Media on Student Learning Motivation for Learning Science in Elementary School (Issue Icep 2024). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-376-4_13
Rofi, A., & Susilo, S. V. (2023). The Development of Teaching Materials Based on Mobile Learning in English Learning for Elementary Schools. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(2), 2062–2075. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i2.2475
Rustandi, A., & Rismayanti. (2021). Penerapan Model ADDIE dalam Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran di SMPN 22 Kota Samarinda. Jurnal Fasilkom, 11(2), 57–60. https://doi.org/10.37859/jf.v11i2.2546
Simbolon, R., & Koeswanti, H. D. (2020). Comparison Of Pbl (Project Based Learning) Models With Pbl (Problem Based Learning) Models To Determine Student Learning Outcomes And Motivation. International Journal of Elementary Education, 4(4), 519–529. Retrieved from https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJEE
Sukmawati, N. P. F., Suja, I. W., & Arnyana, I. B. P. (2024). Digitalisasi Konsep Tri Hita Karana dalam Pembelajaran IPA di Sekolah Dasar untuk Membangun Kepemimpinan Berwawasan Lingkungan. Journal of Education Action Research, 8(4), 704–709. Retrieved from https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JEAR/article/view/89885
Sun-Lin, H. Z., & Chiou, G. F. (2019). Effects of gamified comparison on sixth graders’ algebra word problem solving and learning attitude. Educational Technology and Society, 22(1), 120–130. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26558833
Sungkaew, K., Lungban, P., & Lamhya, S. (2022). Game development software engineering: digital educational game promoting algorithmic thinking. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 12(5), 5393–5404. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i5.pp5393-5404
Syarifudin, A., Suriansyah, A., & Rafianti, W. R. (2024). Meningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa Menggunakan Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek (Project Based Learning) di Sekolah Dasar. MARAS: Jurnal Penelitian Multidisiplin, 2(4), 2306–2318. https://doi.org/10.60126/maras.v2i4.638
Taber, K. S. (2019). Alternative Conceptions and the Learning of Chemistry. Israel Journal of Chemistry, 59(6), 450–469. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201800046
Taherdoost, H., & Hamta, G. (2017). Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument ; How to Test the Validation of a Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport, Exercise & Training Sciences, 5(3), 27–36. Retrieved from https://hal.science/hal-02546799/
Unger, R., & Chandler, C. (2023). A Project Guide to UX Design: For user experience designers in the field or in the making. New Riders.
Wahyu, Y., Edu, A. L., & Helmon, A. (2023). STEM-based PjBL Learning Model with Manggaraians Indigenous Science Content to Improve Science Literacy: is it Effective? Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(10), 8263–8273. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i10.4963
Wen, C.-T., Liu, C.-C., Chang, H.-Y., Chang, C.-J., Chang, M.-H., Chiang, S.-H. F., Yang, C.-W., & Hwang, F.-K. (2020). Students’ guided inquiry with simulation and its relation to school science achievement and scientific literacy. Computers and Education, 149, 103830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103830
Widyaningrum, S. L., Masfuah, S., & Fakhriyah, F. (2024). Pengaruh Model Inkuiri Terbimbing Berbantuan Game Edukatif Wordwall Terhadap Literasi Sains Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Riset Dan Inovasi Pembelajaran, 4(2), 1094–1108. https://doi.org/10.51574/jrip.v4i2.1953
Wu, B., & Wang, A. I. (2012). A guideline for game development-based learning: A literature review. International Journal of Computer Games Technology, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/103710
Yang, W. yang, Chow, S. K. K., & Yuan, X. (2018). The structural design computer model-based games for assisting mathematics classroom learning. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1145/3231848.3231853
Yulia, N. M., & Suttrisno. (2024). Developing Local Wisdom-Based Augmented Reality Modules for Science and Social Studies Learning in Elementary Schools. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 16(4), 5549–5560. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v16i4.5987
Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of content validation and content validity index calculation. Education in Medical Journal, 11(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2019.11.2.6
Yustin, D. L., & Wiyarsi, A. (2019). Students’ chemical literacy: A study in chemical bonding. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1397(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1397/1/012036
Yustina, Syafii, W., & Vebrianto, R. (2020). The effects of blended learning and project-based learning on pre-service biology teachers’ creative thinking skills through online learning in the COVID-19 pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 9(3), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v9i3.24706
Zulyusri, Z., Elfira, I., Lufri, L., & Santosa, T. A. (2023). Literature Study: Utilization of the PjBL Model in Science Education to Improve Creativity and Critical Thinking Skills. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(1), 133–143. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i1.2555
Zydney, J. M., & Warner, Z. (2016). Mobile apps for science learning: Review of research. Computers and Education, 94, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.11.001
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Riris Ermiyawati, Ana Fitrotun Nisa, Akbar Al Masjid
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
