Analysis of Circular Waste Using a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD): A Case Study of Sukabumi City
Studi Kasus Kota Sukabumi
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v12i1.13814Published:
2026-01-25Downloads
Abstract
This study examines the transition from linear to circular municipal solid waste management in Sukabumi City using a system dynamics approach. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive design, data were gathered through surveys of 400 residents across 33 villages, field observations of waste facilities, and stakeholder interviews. Results reveal significant "lost circularity" driven by low source separation, negative public perceptions, and the underutilization of community-based 3R facilities (TPS3R) and waste banks. The developed Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) identifies five reinforcing loops which are centred on 3R participation, institutional collaboration, and material value—and four balancing loops related to infrastructure limits, behavioural resistance, and funding constraints. The dominance of these balancing loops explains the stagnation of the circular transition. Findings suggest that the system remains trapped in a "take–make–dispose" model due to operational bottlenecks. The study concludes that the primary leverage points for accelerating circularity include intensive 3R education, the reactivation of upstream infrastructure, and enhanced multi-actor collaboration. These interventions are essential to shift the system dynamics toward sustainable resource recovery and reduced landfill dependency.
Keywords:
Causal loop diagram Circular waste Environmental System dynamicReferences
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Alyka, F., & Andari, G. S. B. (2025). Analysis of the Operational Performance of TPS 3R and its Development Potential Towards Indonesia’s Zero Waste 2050 Target. Journal of Social Research, 4(7), 1495–1503. Retrieved from https://ijsr.internationaljournallabs.com/index.php/ijsr/article/view/2630
Aziz, H. A., Abu Amr, S. S., Vesilind, P. A., Wang, L. K., & Hung, Y.-T. (2022). Introduction to solid waste management. In Solid waste engineering and management: Volume 1 (pp. 1–84). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84180-5_1
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. University of Chicago Press.
Berenjkar, P., L., L., Y., Y., & Yuan, Q. (2021). The application of system dynamics in different practices of a waste management system. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(11), 15695–15724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01362-8
Braun, V. C., & V. (2021). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved from https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5282292
Brereton, C. F., & Jagals, P. (2021). Applications of systems science to understand and manage multiple influences within children’s environmental health in least developed countries: a causal loop diagram approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063010
Carayannis, E. G. C., & J, D. F. (2009). Mode 3’ and ‘Quadruple Helix’: toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem. International Journal of Technology Management, 46(3–4), 201–234. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijtm.2009.023374
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications.
Diskominfo, K. S. (2024). Buku Data Statistik Sektoral Daerah Kota Sukabumi Tahun 2024 (E. Rahmi & Ed) (Eds.)). Diskominfo Kota Sukabumi. Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tr4I2bdItFEFAUOxPZf32zp7QAK883aA/view
Geng, Y., Fu, J., Sarkis, J., & Xue, B. (2012). Towards a national circular economy indicator system in China: an evaluation and critical analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 23(1), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.07.005
Haydar, S. (2024). A system dynamics model and analytical hierarchy process: an integrated approach for achieving sustainable solid waste management system. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(5), 6992–7007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31534-0
Kasyfilham, F., & Al Akbar, N. (2025). Evaluasi Tata Kelola Sampah Yogyakarta Pasca-Piyungan: Studi Komparatif dengan Model Ekonomi Sirkular Banyumas. Jurnal Administrasi Dan Kebijakan Publik, 10(1), 152–181. https://doi.org/10.25077/jakp.10.1.152-181.2025
Kliem, D. (2021). System Dynamics in Transition Management: Participative modeling for transitioning towards a circular construction material industry. Retrieved from https://nva.sikt.no/registration/0198f23a9204-fccbeaa3-1eb6-44ef-bb29-ff1a72925b28
Ma, W., Yuan, H., & Hao, J. L. (2022). A bibliometric visual analysis of the system dynamics approach for construction and demolition waste management. Cleaner Waste Systems, 1, 100004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2022.100004
MacArthur, D. E. (2015). Growth within: a circular economy vision for a competitive europe. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Retrieved from Retrieved from https://content.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/m/3d4eba36b0311c08/original/Growth-within-A-circular-economy-vision-for-a-competitive-europe.pdf
MacArtur, D. E. (2019). City governments and their role in enabling a circular economy transition an overview of urban policy levers. Retrieved from www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/our-work/activities/circular-economy-in-cities
Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in systems a primer (D. Wright (Ed.); 1st ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing.
Meshram, K. K. (2024). The circular economy, 5R framework, and green organic practices: pillars of sustainable development and zero-waste living. Discover Environment, 2(1), 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-024-00177-4
Pires, A., & Martinho, G. (2019). Waste hierarchy index for circular economy in waste management. Waste Management, 95, 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.014
Prasetia, A. P., Yusron, M. A., & Izzhati, D. N. (2024). Design of a Plastic Waste Shredder Machine for the Processing of Inorganic Waste at TPS3R in Kudus Regency. Journal of Advances in Information and Industrial Technology, 6(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.52435/jaiit.v6i2.615
Prastya, I. Y., Putranti, I. R., Yuniningsih, T., & Priyadi, B. P. (2025). Sustainability of Co-Production in Waste Management: Exploring Waste Banks and TPS3R in Semarang City. Acta Innovations, 1–12. Retrieved from https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1324390
Rahmi, E. (2024). Tackling Organic Waste with a Circular Economy. In Case Study in Sukabumi City (pp. 151–159). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-406-8_26
Reddy, V. V., Kumar, P., Rao, A. L. N., Kumar, R., Singh, S., Asha, V., & Kareem, S. H. (2023). Waste to wealth generation: Innovative methodologies in resource utilization and minimization in circular economy. E3S Web of Conferences, 453, 1035. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345301035
Rengganis, S. I., Zannaria, N. D., Pratiwi, R., Kartikasari, I. B., Munanto, G. B., & Oktavia, E. (2023). Economy Circular Pengelolaan Sampah Organik Pasar di Peternakan Sapi dari Hulu hingga Hilir (Studi Kasus di Kelompok Tani Sumber Makmur, Gunung Tembak Kota Balikpapan). Jurnal Rekayasa Tropis, Teknologi, Dan Inovasi (RETROTEKIN), 1(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.30872/retrotekin.v1i2.752
Sadono, E. D. (2024). Recent Developments of 3R Activities in Indonesia. Circular Economy and Sustainable Development: A Necessary Nexus for a Sustainable Future, 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66007-8_32
Senge, P. M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Doubleday.
Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., & Vigil, S. A. (1993). Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues. McGraw-Hill.
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Eneng Rahmi, Lioba Evita Anikusuma
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
