Biodiversity and Relationships in Species Annonaceae Using the Phenetic Method in the Purwodadi Botanical Garden
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v11i4.10808Published:
2025-04-25Downloads
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the morphological diversity and phylogenetic relationships of six species from the Annonaceae family at the Purwodadi Botanical Garden using a phenetic approach. The background of this research is based on the importance of character-based identification to support taxonomy, conservation, and plant classification within the Annonaceae family, which is known for its high diversity. The research began with field exploration and specimen identification, followed by morphological characterization focusing on stem, leaf, petiole, and flower traits. Data acquisition was conducted by direct observation and measurement using tools such as calipers, rulers, and color tables. The morphological data were analyzed using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with SPSS 25.00 software to determine phylogenetic relationships among the species. The results revealed two major clusters: the first includes Mitrephora polyprena, Stelechocarpus burahol, Orophea enneandra, and Polyalthia bullata, with a similarity index of 73.2%, and the second consists of Annona muricata and Miliusa horsfieldii, with 59.3% similarity. PCA results indicated that leaf width, leaf length, petiole length, leaf color, and stem surface were the most influential morphological traits. These findings demonstrate that the phenetic approach is effective for analyzing phylogenetic relationships and can contribute to conservation strategies and biodiversity management.
Keywords:
Annonaceae Biodiversity Botanical PheneticsReferences
Anjani, A. D., Aulia, D. L. N., & Suryanti, S. (2022). Withdrawn: Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. OSF. https://doi.org/10.31237/osf.io/6zx2w
Baird, I. G. (2020). Problems for the plantations: Challenges for large-scale land concessions in Laos and Cambodia. Journal of Agrarian Change, 20(3), 387–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12355
Budiarti, R. S., Harlis, & Subagyo, A. (2023). Study on the Utilization of Mangrove Forest Plants. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(12), 12082–12097. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i12.6311
Cavender-Bares, J., Schneider, F. D., Santos, M. J., Armstrong, A., Carnaval, A., Dahlin, K. M., Fatoyinbo, L., Hurtt, G. C., Schimel, D., Townsend, P. A., & others. (2022). Integrating remote sensing with ecology and evolution to advance biodiversity conservation. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(5), 506–519. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01702-5
Cooper, J. E. (2021). Wildlife forensic pathology. In Wildlife Biodiversity conservation: multidisciplinary and forensic approaches (pp. 211–286). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64682-0_10
Dasgupta, P., & Levin, S. (2023). Economic factors underlying biodiversity loss. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 378(1881), 20220197. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0197
Elisha, O. D., & Felix, M. J. (2020). The loss of biodiversity and ecosystems: a threat to the functioning of our planet, economy and human society. International Journal of Economics, Environmental Development and Society, 1(1), 30–44. Retrieved from https://shorturl.asia/0qZyv
Fajri, H., Yuniarti, A., Sunandar, A., & Candramila, W. (2024). Leaf Anatomy Structure of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A. Juss Cultivars. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(6), 3511–3518. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i6.5304
Farjon, A. (2021). Pines: drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus. Brill.
Folberth, C., Khabarov, N., Balkovič, J., Skalsk`y, R., Visconti, P., Ciais, P., Janssens, I. A., Peñuelas, J., & Obersteiner, M. (2020). The global cropland-sparing potential of high-yield farming. Nature Sustainability, 3(4), 281–289. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0505-x
Fuentes-Pardo, A. P., & Ruzzante, D. E. (2017). Whole-genome sequencing approaches for conservation biology: Advantages, limitations and practical recommendations. Molecular Ecology, 26(20), 5369–5406. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14264
Gil, J., & Cubero, J. I. (1993). Multivariate analysis of the Vicia sativa L. aggregate. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 113(4), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1993.tb00343.x
Govaerts, R., Nic Lughadha, E., Black, N., Turner, R., & Paton, A. (2021). The World Checklist of Vascular Plants, a continuously updated resource for exploring global plant diversity. Scientific Data, 8(1), 215. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-021-00997-6
Hairiah, K., & Ashari, S. (2013). Pertanian masa depan: Agroforestri, manfaat, dan layanan lingkungan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Agroforestri, 23–35. Retrieved from https://www.cifor-icraf.org/publications/region/sea/publications/softcopy/proceeding/PR0043-15/PR0043-15-3.pdf
Hamidah, H., Lestari, D. A., Wibowo, A. T., Suhargo, L., Felayati, T., & Novitasari, Y. (2024). Morphological Characteristics and Taxonomical Positions of Annonaceae in Indonesia. Jurnal Riset Biologi Dan Aplikasinya, 6(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.26740/jrba.v6n1.p1-11
Hamidah, Rahmawati, D., & Ansori, A. N. M. (2020). Assessment of genetic relationship among merremia spp. By RAPD technique. Annals of Biology, 36(2), 258–262. https://doi.org/10.5555/20203239857
Handayani, A. (2018). Ex situ conservation of Cinnamomum sintoc in Cibodas Botanical Garden, West Java. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 4(2), 111–114. Retrieved from https://smujo.id/psnmbi/article/download/2871/2442
Hansen, O. L. P., Svenning, J.-C., Olsen, K., Dupont, S., Garner, B. H., Iosifidis, A., Price, B. W., & Høye, T. T. (2020). Species-level image classification with convolutional neural network enables insect identification from habitus images. Ecology and Evolution, 10(2), 737–747. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5921
Hardiyanto, H., Mujiarto, E., & Sulasmi, E. S. (2007). Kekerabatan genetik beberapa spesies jeruk berdasarkan taksonometri. Jurnal Hortikultura, 17(3), 98555. https://doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v17n3.2007.p%p
Heydari, M., Omidipour, R., & Greenlee, J. (2020). Biodiversity, a review of the concept, measurement, opportunities, and challenges. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 4(4), 26–39. https://doi.org/10.22120/jwb.2020.123209.1124
Hu, A., Wang, J., Sun, H., Niu, B., Si, G., Wang, J., Yeh, C.-F., Zhu, X., Lu, X., Zhou, J., & others. (2020). Mountain biodiversity and ecosystem functions: interplay between geology and contemporary environments. The ISME Journal, 14(4), 931–944. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0574-x
Huhn, M., Madduppa, H. H., Khair, M., Sabrian, A., Irawati, Y., Anggraini, N. P., Wilkinson, S. P., Simpson, T., Iwasaki, K., Setiamarga, D. H. E., & others. (2020). Keeping up with introduced marine species at a remote biodiversity hotspot: awareness, training and collaboration across different sectors is key. Biological Invasions, 22, 749–771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02126-2
Keßler, P., Bos, M. M., Sierra Daza, S. E. C., Kop, A., Willemse, L. P. M., Pitopang, R., & Gradstein, S. R. (2002). Checklist of woody plants of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Blumea. Supplement, 14(1), 1–160. Retrieved from https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/526385/
Kumar, R., Kumar, A., & Saikia, P. (2022). Deforestation and forests degradation impacts on the environment. In Environmental degradation: Challenges and strategies for mitigation (pp. 19–46). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95542-7_2
Lawrence, E. R., & Fraser, D. J. (2020). Latitudinal biodiversity gradients at three levels: Linking species richness, population richness and genetic diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 29(5), 770–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13075
Lembang, I. A. R., Bura, R. O., Navalino, R. D. A., & Affandi, L. A. (2023). Indonesia military research and development in dealing with the sixth generation warfare: The use of artificial intelligence in war operations. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (EAJMR), 2(2), 649–660. https://doi.org/10.0.218.119/eajmr.v2i2.3263
Lestari, D. A. (2019). Evaluation of flowering and fruiting periods of selected Annonaceae species in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2120(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115627
Maaroof, S. M. A., Aziz, J. M., & Ahmed, K. K. (2025). The Scientific Guide to Measure Field Crop Traits. Retrieved from https://uokirkuk.edu.iq/Agriculture-Hawija/images/mktb astshary/dalil/4.pdf
Madduppa, H., Sani, L. M. I., Nugroho, K. C., Bengen, D. G., Muchlisin, Z. A., Fadli, N., Subhan, B., Arafat, D., Zamani, N. P., Sunuddin, A., & others. (2022). eDNA metabarcoding of decapod crustaceans across Indonesian seas has implications for biodiversity conservation and fisheries sustainability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 918295. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.918295
Martina, M., Jumari, J., & Murningsih, M. (2021). Phenetic analysis of turkey berry (Solanum torvum Sw.) based on morphological character in Semarang region. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1943(1), 12076. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1943/1/012076
Martínez-Domínguez, L., Nicolalde-Morejón, F., Vergara-Silva, F., & Stevenson, D. W. (2024). A review of taxonomic concepts and species delimitation in Cycadales. The Botanical Review, 90(1), 33–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-023-09293-x
Nikmah, I. A., Chikmawati, T., & Rugayah, R. (2019). Reinstatement of Desmos subbiglandulosus (Annonaceae) in Borneo. Floribunda, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.32556/floribunda.v6i3.2019.290
Nilasari, A. N., Heddy, J. B. S., & Wardiyati, T. (2013). Identifikasi keragaman morfologi daun Mangga (Mangifera indica L.) pada tanaman hasil persilangan antara Varietas Arumanis 143 dengan Podang Urang umur 2 tahun. Jurnal Produksi Tanaman, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.21176/protan.v1i1.8
Ningrum, A. M., & Chasani, A. R. (2021). Numerical phenetic and phylogenetic relationships in silico among brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) from Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(6). Retrieved from https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/8249
Panigrahi, G., & Mishra, S. C. (1984). Miliusa globosa, comb. nov. for M. roxburghiana (Annonaceae). Taxon, 33(4), 713–714. https://doi.org/10.2307/1220792
Pigot, A. L., Sheard, C., Miller, E. T., Bregman, T. P., Freeman, B. G., Roll, U., Seddon, N., Trisos, C. H., Weeks, B. C., & Tobias, J. A. (2020). Macroevolutionary convergence connects morphological form to ecological function in birds. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4(2), 230–239. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1070-4
Rugayah, R., Anggalia, I., & Ginting, Y. C. (2020). Pengaruh konsentrasi dan cara aplikasi IBA (Indole Butiric Acid) terhadap pertumbuhan bibit nanas (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) asal tunas mahkota. Jurnal Agrotropika, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.23960/ja.v17i1.4279
Saliu, A. O., Komolafe, O. O., Bamidele, C. O., & Raimi, M. O. (2023). The value of biodiversity to sustainable development in Africa. In Sustainable utilization and conservation of Africa’s biological resources and environment (pp. 269–294). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6974-4_10
Shroff, R., & Cortés, C. R. (2020). The biodiversity paradigm: Building resilience for human and environmental health. Development, 63(2), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41301-020-00260-2
Stuessy, T. F., & Lack, H. W. (2011). Monographic Plant Systematics. Regnum Vegetabile, 153. Retrieved from https://shorturl.asia/1Opxc
Tjitrosoepomo, G. (1998). Taksonomi umum (Dasar-dasar taksonomi tumbuhan). Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada Press.
Turner, I. M. (2012). Annonaceae of Borneo: a review of the climbing species. Gard. Bull. Singapore, 64(2), 371–479. Retrieved from https://shorturl.asia/Nrj6c
Yulianti, S., Noli, Z. A., & Idris, M. (2024). Shoot Induction of Black Stem Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Cingkariang) with Several Concentration of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 24(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v24i1.6237
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamidah, Junairiah, Putri Akustia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
