Mapping Plankton Community Structure in North Sulawesi Waters Using Ecological Diversity Indices as Indicators of Marine Ecosystem Health
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v12i2.14387Published:
2026-02-28Downloads
Abstract
Plankton communities play a crucial role in marine ecosystems and are widely used as bioindicators of environmental quality. This study aimed to map plankton community structure in several coastal waters of North Sulawesi and evaluate their potential as indicators of marine ecosystem health. Plankton samples were collected from Bunaken, Lembeh Strait, Amurang, Belang, and Likupang using standard plankton net tows. Community structure was analyzed using species composition, abundance, Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′), evenness (E), and dominance (D). The results showed clear spatial variation in plankton community structure among study sites. Higher diversity values were recorded in Bunaken (H′ = 2.78; E = 0.81; D = 0.18) and Lembeh Strait (H′ = 2.65; E = 0.79; D = 0.21), indicating relatively stable marine conditions. In contrast, Likupang exhibited lower diversity and higher dominance (H′ = 1.43; E = 0.52; D = 0.39), suggesting greater environmental stress. These patterns demonstrate that plankton community indices are sensitive indicators of ecosystem condition in tropical coastal waters. The findings also highlight the potential use of plankton ecological data as contextual learning resources in science education, particularly for teaching marine ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, and environmental monitoring using real environmental datasets from local coastal ecosystems
Keywords:
Bioindicator Marine ecosystem health North Sulawesi Plankton community Science educationReferences
Antuke, R., Manu, G. D., Mantiri, R. O. S. E., Manginsela, F. B., Wantasen, A. S., & Sumilat, D. A. (2020). Struktur Komunitas Zooplankton Di Perairan Kampung Ambong Likupang Minahasa Utara. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax, 8(2), 274–283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.8.2.2020.31629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.8.2.2020.31629
Asgaf, K., Hifizah, A., Astati, Ananda, S., Jamili, M. A., & Mukhlis. (2025). Application of Fermented Feed Technology to Improve Beef Cattle Business Efficiency and Student Agribusiness Learning. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(5), 604–610. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i5.11135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i5.11135
Borja, A., Elliott, M., Andersen, J. H., Cardoso, A. C., Carstensen, J., Ferreira, J. G., Heiskanen, A., Marques, J. C., Neto, J. M., Teixeira, H., Uusitalo, L., Uyarra, M. C., & Zampoukas, N. (2020). Good Environmental Status of marine ecosystems : What is it and how do we know when we have attained it ? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.08.042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.08.042
Bybee, R. W. (2014). The BSCS 5E instructional model: Creating teachable moments. National Science Teachers Association Press.
Caroni, R., Bund, van de, Clarke, R. T., & Johnson, R. K. (2013). Combination of multiple biological quality elements into waterbody assessment of surface waters. Hydrobiologia, 704, 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1274-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1274-y
Carstensen, J., Sanchez-Camacho, M., Duarte, C. M., Krause-jensen, D., & Marba, N. (2011). Connecting the Dots : Responses of Coastal Ecosystems to Changing Nutrient Concentrations. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 9122–9132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/es202351y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es202351y
Carstensen, J., Sánchez-Camacho, M., Duarte, C. M., Krause-Jensen, D., & Marbà, N. (2015). Connecting the dots: Responses of coastal ecosystems to changing nutrient regimes. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 523, 215–226.
Cloern, J. E., Foster, S. Q., & Kleckner, A. E. (2014). Phytoplankton primary production in the world ’ s estuarine-coastal ecosystems. Biogeosciences, 11(2), 2477–2501. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2477-2014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2477-2014
Falkowski, P. G., Fenchel, T., & Delong, E. F. (2008). The Microbial Engines That Drive Earth’s Biogeochemical Cycles. Science, 320(2008), 1034–1039. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153213
Halpern, B. S., Longo, C., Hardy, D., Mcleod, K. L., Samhouri, J. F., Katona, S. K., Kleisner, K., Lester, S. E., Leary, J. O., Ranelletti, M., Rosenberg, A. A., Scarborough, C., Selig, E. R., Best, B. D., Brumbaugh, D. R., Chapin, F. S., Crowder, L. B., Daly, K. L., Doney, S. C., … Stone, G. S. (2012). An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11397
Hikmah, T., Nurul, F., Ridho, S. O., & Yanguo, W. (2018). Community structure of zooplankton in the Lembeh Strait, Bitung, and Wori Beach, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Acta Oceanologica Sinica Sin, 37(12), 28–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-018-1285-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-018-1285-2
Mukhlis, M., Ismawati, I., Sillia, N., Fitrianti, S., Ukrita, I., Wisra, R. F., Raflis, H., Hendriani, R., Hanum, L., Ibrahim, H., Nofianti, S., Marta, A., & Sari, N. (2024). Characteristics of Production Factors and Production of Zero Tillage System Rice Farming. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(8), 6013–6019. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i8.8542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i8.8542
Mukhlis, Noer, M., Nofialdi, & Mahdi. (2019). Analysis of income and feasibility of rice-cattle integration system farming based on enterprises scale. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 11(7), 544–553. https://www.jardcs.org/abstract.php?id=2678
Nybakken, J. W., & Bertness, M. D. (2020). Marine biology: An ecological approach (7th ed.). Pearson.
OECD. (2019). OECD learning compass 2030. OECD Publishing.
Paerl, H. W., Hall, N. S., & Calandrino, E. S. (2011). Science of the Total Environment Controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a world experiencing anthropogenic and climatic-induced change. Science of the Total Environment, The, 409(10), 1739–1745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.001
Patmawati, R., Endrawati, H., & Santoso, A. (2018). Struktur Komunitas Zooplankton di Perairan Pulau Panjang dan Teluk Awur , Kabupaten Jepara. Buletin Oseanografi Marina, 7(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v7i1.19041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v7i1.19041
Rampengan, R. M., Sumilat, D. A., & Mantiri, R. O. S. E. (2014). Plankton community structure in Bunaken waters, North Sulawesi. Journal of Marine Science, 19, 45–53.
Rumengan, I. F. M., Akerina, J., Rampengan, M. M. F., Masengi, M., & Masengi, K. W. A. (2011). Abundance and diversity of zooplankton in lembeh strait, bitung, indonesia. Mar. Res. Indonesia, 36(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.14203/mri.v36i1.524 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14203/mri.v36i1.524
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif dan R&G (p. h. 8). Alfabeta.
Tett, P., Gowen, R., Painting, S., Elliott, M., Forster, R., Mills, D., Bresnan, E., Capuzzo, E., Fernandes, T., Foden, J., Geider, R., Gilpin, L., Huxham, M., Mcquatters-gollop, A., Malcolm, S., Picart, S. S., Platt, T., Racault, M., Sathyendranath, S., … Wilkinson, M. (2013). Framework for understanding marine ecosystem health. MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES, 494, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10539
Undap, S. L., Mantiri, R. O. S. E., & Sumilat, D. A. (2020). Spatial distribution of plankton communities in Lembeh Strait, North Sulawesi. AACL Bioflux, 13, 456–468.
Yanguo, W., Xiaoyin, C., Bingpeng, X., Rouxin, S. U. N., Nurul, F., Peng, X., Chunguang, W., & Mao, L. I. N. (2018). Zooplankton composition and distribution in the Lembeh Strait of North Sulawesi , Indonesia. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 37(12), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-018-1286-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-018-1286-1
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Rose O.S.E. Mantiri, Deiske A. Sumilat, Suzanne L. Undap, Rowen Bonaventura, Haryati Rabuka, Tesalonika S. Koloay
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
