Effect of Additive Ingredients in Papaya Leaf-Based Botanical Pesticides on the Vegetative Growth of Water Spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir)
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v12i5.15262Published:
2026-06-04Downloads
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of additives in papaya leaf–based botanical pesticides on the vegetative growth of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir). The experiment was arranged using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and five replications: P0 (control), P1 (papaya leaves), P2 (papaya leaves + garlic), P3 (papaya leaves + lemongrass), and P4 (papaya leaves + soursop leaves). Observed parameters included plant height, root length, number of leaves, and fresh weight. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5%, correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses. The treatments significantly affected most growth parameters. P3 (papaya leaves + lemongrass) produced the best performance, with plant height of 24.35 cm, root length of 22.58 cm, approximately 18 leaves, and fresh weight of 14 g. Correlation analysis showed strong positive relationships between plant height and number of leaves (r = 0.890), and between root length and fresh weight (r = 0.764). Regression analysis identified number of leaves as the strongest predictor of fresh weight (β = 1.015), followed by root length (β = 0.528), whereas plant height showed a negative effect (β = −0.891). Overall, the addition of lemongrass to papaya leaf–based botanical pesticides enhanced vegetative growth and biomass accumulation in water spinach plants.
Keywords:
Botanical pesticides Lemongrass Papaya leaf extract Pest control Water spinachReferences
Abdel-Hakim, E. A., Ibrahim, S. S., & Salem, N. Y. (2021). Effect of garlic and lemongrass essential oils on some biological and biochemical aspects of corn stem borer Sesamia cretica larvae during diapausing phase. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 74, 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-020-00348-0
Ahmad, M. F., Ahmad, F. A., Alsayegh, A. A., Zeyaullah, M., AlShahrani, A. M., Muzammil, K., Saati, A. A., Wahab, S., Elbendary, E. Y., Kambal, N., Abdelrahman, M. H., & Hussain, S. (2024). Pesticides impacts on human health and the environment with their mechanisms of action and possible countermeasures. Heliyon, 10(7), 29128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29128
Alves-Silva, E., & Del-Claro, K. (2016). Herbivory-induced stress: Leaf developmental instability is caused by herbivore damage in early stages of leaf development. Ecological Indicators, 61(Pt. 2), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.09.036
Beyuo, J., Sackey, L. N. A., Yeboah, C., Kayoung, P. Y., & Koudadje, D. (2024). The implications of pesticide residue in food crops on human health: A critical review. Discover Agriculture, 2, 123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-024-00141-z
Chaudhary, S., Kumar Yadav, S., Verma, P., Sagar, S., & Lal, M. (2024). Botanical insecticides for crop protection: Major classes and possible mechanisms of action. In Agricultural Sciences. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1006743
Chávez-Arias, C. C., Ligarreto-Moreno, G. A., Ramírez-Godoy, A., & Restrepo-Díaz, H. (2021). Maize responses challenged by drought, elevated daytime temperature and arthropod herbivory stresses: A physiological, biochemical and molecular view. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 702841. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.702841
Deguine, J.-P., Aubertot, J.-N., Flor, R. J., Lescourret, F., Wyckhuys, K. A. G., & Ratnadass, A. (2021). Integrated pest management: Good intentions, hard realities. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 41, 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-021-00689-w
Dougoud, J., Toepfer, S., Bateman, M., & Jenner, W. H. (2019). Efficacy of homemade botanical insecticides based on traditional knowledge: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 39, 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-019-0583-1
Egerer, M., Liere, H., Lucatero, A., & Philpott, S. M. (2020). Plant damage in urban agroecosystems varies with local and landscape factors. Ecosphere, 11(3), 3074. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3074
Fachraniah, F., Husna, A., & Elwina, E. (2023). Biopesticides from papaya leaves and tembelekan leaves to control armyworm pests (Spodoptera litura F. Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi Reaksi, 21(01). https://doi.org/10.30811/jstr.v21i01.4237
Firdausi, A., Siswoyo, T. A., & Wiryadiputra, S. (2014). The effectiveness of lemongrass, garlic, and tree marigold as botanical insecticides in controlling cocoa mirid (Helopeltis antonii. Pelita Perkebunan, 30(1). https://www.ccrjournal.com/index.php/ccrj/article/view/195
Guo, C., Wang, L., Chen, N., Zhang, M., Jia, J., Lv, L., & Li, M. (2023). Advances in research and utilization of botanical pesticides for agricultural pest management in Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 16(2), 248–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2023.04.002
Haile, F. J., & Higley, L. G. (2003). Changes in soybean gas-exchange after moisture stress and spider mite injury. Environmental Entomology, 32(3), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-32.3.433
Han, Y., Zhu, M., Qiu, B., Ali, S., & Wu, J. (2025). Insecticidal effect of lemongrass essential oil against Megalurothrips usitatus. Agronomy, 15(7), 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15071733
Heinze, J. (2020). Herbivory by aboveground insects impacts plant root morphological traits. Plant Ecology, 221, 725–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-020-01045-w
Heinze, J., Krumpholz, L., Blaum, N., Hoefgen, R., & Ogden, M. (2022). Shoot herbivory by grasshoppers has stronger effects on root morphology than clipping. Plant Ecology, 223, 1069–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-022-01259-0
Hu, W., Lu, Z., Meng, F., Li, X., Cong, R., Ren, T., Sharkey, T. D., & Lu, J. (2020). The reduction in leaf area precedes that in photosynthesis under potassium deficiency: The importance of leaf anatomy. New Phytologist, 227(6), 1749–1763. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16644
Ilham, R., Lelo, A., Harahap, U., Widyawati, T., & Siahaan, L. (2019). The effectivity of ethanolic extract from papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) as an alternative larvacide to Aedes spp. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(20), 3395–3399. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.432
Jia, Z., Giehl, R. F. H., & Wirén, N. (2022). Nutrient–hormone relations: Driving root plasticity in plants. Molecular Plant, 15(1), 86–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.004
Johnson, S. N., Erb, M., & Hartley, S. E. (2016). Roots under attack: Contrasting plant responses to below- and aboveground insect herbivory. New Phytologist, 210, 413–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13807
Klátyik, S., Simon, G., Oláh, M., Mesnage, R., Antoniou, M. N., Zaller, J. G., & Székács, A. (2023). Terrestrial ecotoxicity of glyphosate, its formulations, and co-formulants: Evidence from 2010–2023. Environmental Sciences Europe, 35, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-023-00758-9
Lengai, G. M. W., Muthomi, J. W., & Mbega, E. R. (2020). Phytochemical activity and role of botanical pesticides in pest management for sustainable agricultural crop production. Scientific African, 7, 239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00239
Li, Q., Wen, D., Qin, C., Qian, Y., Fu, R., & Lin, S. (2024). Physical, chemical, biological, and synergistic technologies for remediation of pesticide-contaminated soil. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 262, 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44169-024-00058-0
Meyer, P., Poel, B., & Coninck, B. (2021). UV-B light and its application potential to reduce disease and pest incidence in crops. Horticulture Research, 8, 194. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00629-5
Mota, Z. L., Díaz, I. A., Martínez-Ávila, A. E., Otero-Olvera, M., Leyva-Ruíz, D., Aponte-Pineda, L. S., Rangel-Duarte, S. G., Pacheco-Aguilar, J. R., Amaro-Reyes, A., Campos-Guillén, J., Montes-Flores, L. A., & Ramos-López, M. A. (2024). A review of the adverse effects of neonicotinoids on the environment. Environments, 11(9), 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11090196
Moustafa, M. A. M., Ahmed, F. S., Alfuhaid, N. A., El-Said, N. A., Ibrahim, E. S., & Awad, M. (2024). The synergistic effect of lemongrass essential oil and insecticides on Bemisia tabaci. Insects, 15(5), 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050302
Mukarram, M., Choudhary, S., Khan, M. A., Poltronieri, P., Khan, M. M. A., Ali, J., Kurjak, D., & Shahid, M. (2021). Lemongrass essential oil components with antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Antioxidants, 11(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010020
Myers, J. H., & Sarfraz, R. M. (2017). Impacts of insect herbivores on plant populations. Annual Review of Entomology, 62, 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023826
Olorunnisola, S. K., Asiyanbi, H. T., Hammed, A. M., & Simsek, S. (2014). Biological properties of lemongrass: An overview. International Food Research Journal, 21(2), 455–462. https://shorturl.asia/ojN09
Panwar, L., Devi, S., & Singh, Y. (2021). Insect pest management in vegetable crops through trap cropping: Review. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 91(10), 1433–1437. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v91i10.117421
Parven, A., Meftaul, I. M., Venkateswarlu, K., & Megharaj, M. (2025). Herbicides in modern sustainable agriculture: Environmental fate, ecological implications, and human health concerns. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22, 1181–1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05818-y
Purba, R. M., & Muliarta, I. N. (2024). Papaya leaves as a plant-based pesticide to control pests and plant diseases. Formosa Journal of Sustainable Research, 3(7), 1455–1476. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjsr.v3i7.10314
Rahayu, S., Leksono, A., Gama, Z., & Tarno, H. (2023). The effect of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) on the mortality rate of Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae and the level of damage to soybean leaves in Malang, Indonesia: A greenhouse simulation. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(1), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v45i1.3745
Ramadan, A. R. S., & Yuliani, Y. (2025). Effectiveness of soursop leaf and seed extract (Annona muricata) and its combination on antifeeding activity and mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. LenteraBio: Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 14(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.26740/lenterabio.v14n1.p27-34
Salessy, S., Awan, A., & Wael, S. (2022). Effectiveness of soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.) on the mortality of grayworm caterpillars (Spodoptera litura. Rumphius Pattimura Biological Journal, 4(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.30598/rumphiusv4i1p026-033
Sarker, A., Kim, D., & Jeong, W.-T. (2024). Environmental fate and sustainable management of pesticides in soils: A critical review focusing on sustainable agriculture. Sustainability, 16(23), 10741. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310741
Siahaya, V. G., & Rumthe, R. Y. (2014). Uji ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya) terhadap larva Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae. Agrologia, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.30598/a.v3i2.251
Siqueira, J. A., Otoni, W. C., & Araújo, W. L. (2022). The hidden half comes into the spotlight: Peeking inside the black box of root developmental phases. Plant Communications, 3(1), 100246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100246
Stephens, A. E. A., & Westoby, M. (2015). Effects of insect attack to stems on plant survival, growth, reproduction and photosynthesis. Oikos, 124(3), 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.01809
Sulaminingsih. (2025). No Title. Multidisciplinary Indonesian Center Journal (MICJO), 2(3), 3427–3434. https://doi.org/10.62567/micjo.v2i3.1032
Syahputra, B. S., & Ginting, T. Y. (2024). The effect of soursop and betel leaf extracts as organic pesticides in pest control of Spodoptera exigua. JURNAL PEMBELAJARAN DAN BIOLOGI NUKLEUS, 10(1), 254–265. https://doi.org/10.36987/jpbn.v10i1.5393
Tambun, M. L., Salbila, S., Khairani, C. A., Syabrina, A., & Sarjani, T. M. (2025). No Title (Vol. 8, Number 2, pp. 302–314). https://doi.org/10.55043/agroteknika.v8i2.464
Tanor, M. N., & Sumayku, B. R. A. (2023). Potential of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) on pest control of mustard plants (Brassica juncea L. In Advances in Science and Technology (Vol. 128, pp. 121–124). https://doi.org/10.4028/p-7scihk
Ullah, F., Govindharaj, G. P., Hyder, M., Sarangi, S., Gul, H., Li, X., Guedes, R. N. C., Desneux, N., & Lu, Y. (2025). From plants to pest targets: Revisiting botanical insecticides for lepidopteran pest management. Agriculture Communications, 3(4), 100113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrcom.2025.100113
Venâncio, H., Demetrio, G. R., Alves-Silva, E., Cornelissen, T., Cuevas-Reyes, P., & Santos, J. C. (2026). Under pressure: Shading, high herbivory, and low levels of fertilization drive the vegetative response of a highly invasive species. Plants, 15(3), 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15030349
Wakhidya, S. A., Rohman, F., Setiowati, F. K., & Razak, A. (2024). Effectiveness of a combination of kitolod leaves (Vol. 6, Number 2, pp. 82–89). https://doi.org/10.26740/jrba.v6n2.p82-89
Wan, S., & Xing, B. (2025). Research progress on chemical composition, biological activity and application of lemongrass and its essential oils. Journal of Functional Foods, 135, 107083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2025.107083
Wattimena, C. M. A., Latumahina, F. S., & Puttileihalat, M. M. S. (2020). A combination of soursop and lemongrass leaves extract as a vegetable biopesticide. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Science, Technology and Multicultural Education (ICOCIT-MUDA. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.25-6-2019.2294310
Yang, H., Liu, J., Ma, M., Tan, Z., Zhang, K., Sun, R., Zhan, X., & Cui, D. (2025). Leaf development and its interaction with phyllospheric microorganisms: Impacts on plant stress responses. Plant Stress, 16, 100843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2025.100843
Zhang, N. X., Stephan, J. G., Björkman, C., & Puentes, A. (2021). Global change calls for novel plant protection: Reviewing the potential of omnivorous plant-inhabiting arthropods as predators and plant defence inducers. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 47, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2021.06.001
Abdel-Hakim, E. A., Ibrahim, S. S., & Salem, N. Y. (2021). Effect of garlic and lemongrass essential oils on some biological and biochemical aspects of corn stem borer Sesamia cretica larvae during diapausing phase. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 74, 73–82. doi:10.1007/s12595-020-00348-0
Ahmad, M. F., Ahmad, F. A., Alsayegh, A. A., Zeyaullah, M., AlShahrani, A. M., Muzammil, K., Saati, A. A., Wahab, S., Elbendary, E. Y., Kambal, N., Abdelrahman, M. H., & Hussain, S. (2024). Pesticides impacts on human health and the environment with their mechanisms of action and possible countermeasures. Heliyon, 10(7), e29128. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29128
Alves-Silva, E., & Del-Claro, K. (2016). Herbivory-induced stress: Leaf developmental instability is caused by herbivore damage in early stages of leaf development. Ecological Indicators, 61(Pt. 2), 359–365. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.09.036
Beyuo, J., Sackey, L. N. A., Yeboah, C., Kayoung, P. Y., & Koudadje, D. (2024). The implications of pesticide residue in food crops on human health: A critical review. Discover Agriculture, 2, 123. doi:10.1007/s44279-024-00141-z
Chaudhary, S., Kumar Yadav, S., Verma, P., Sagar, S., & Lal, M. (2024). Botanical insecticides for crop protection: Major classes and possible mechanisms of action. In Agricultural Sciences. IntechOpen. doi:10.5772/intechopen.1006743
Chávez-Arias, C. C., Ligarreto-Moreno, G. A., Ramírez-Godoy, A., & Restrepo-Díaz, H. (2021). Maize responses challenged by drought, elevated daytime temperature and arthropod herbivory stresses: A physiological, biochemical and molecular view. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 702841. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.702841
Deguine, J.-P., Aubertot, J.-N., Flor, R. J., Lescourret, F., Wyckhuys, K. A. G., & Ratnadass, A. (2021). Integrated pest management: Good intentions, hard realities. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 41, 38. doi:10.1007/s13593-021-00689-w
Dougoud, J., Toepfer, S., Bateman, M., & Jenner, W. H. (2019). Efficacy of homemade botanical insecticides based on traditional knowledge: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 39, 37. doi:10.1007/s13593-019-0583-1
Egerer, M., Liere, H., Lucatero, A., & Philpott, S. M. (2020). Plant damage in urban agroecosystems varies with local and landscape factors. Ecosphere, 11(3), e03074. doi:10.1002/ecs2.3074
Fachraniah, F., Husna, A., & Elwina, E. (2023). Biopesticides from papaya leaves and tembelekan leaves to control armyworm pests (Spodoptera litura F). Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Reaksi, 21(01). doi:10.30811/jstr.v21i01.4237
Firdausi, A., Siswoyo, T. A., & Wiryadiputra, S. (2014). The effectiveness of lemongrass, garlic, and tree marigold as botanical insecticides in controlling cocoa mirid (Helopeltis antonii). Pelita Perkebunan, 30(1). Retrieved from https://www.ccrjournal.com/index.php/ccrj/article/view/195
Guo, C., Wang, L., Chen, N., Zhang, M., Jia, J., Lv, L., & Li, M. (2023). Advances in research and utilization of botanical pesticides for agricultural pest management in Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Herbal Medicines, 16(2), 248–262. doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2023.04.002
Haile, F. J., & Higley, L. G. (2003). Changes in soybean gas-exchange after moisture stress and spider mite injury. Environmental Entomology, 32(3), 433–440. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-32.3.433
Han, Y., Zhu, M., Qiu, B., Ali, S., & Wu, J. (2025). Insecticidal effect of lemongrass essential oil against Megalurothrips usitatus. Agronomy, 15(7), 1733. doi:10.3390/agronomy15071733
Heinze, J. (2020). Herbivory by aboveground insects impacts plant root morphological traits. Plant Ecology, 221, 725–732. doi:10.1007/s11258-020-01045-w
Heinze, J., Krumpholz, L., Blaum, N., Hoefgen, R., & Ogden, M. (2022). Shoot herbivory by grasshoppers has stronger effects on root morphology than clipping. Plant Ecology, 223, 1069–1078. doi:10.1007/s11258-022-01259-0
Hu, W., Lu, Z., Meng, F., Li, X., Cong, R., Ren, T., Sharkey, T. D., & Lu, J. (2020). The reduction in leaf area precedes that in photosynthesis under potassium deficiency: The importance of leaf anatomy. New Phytologist, 227(6), 1749–1763. doi:10.1111/nph.16644
Ilham, R., Lelo, A., Harahap, U., Widyawati, T., & Siahaan, L. (2019). The effectivity of ethanolic extract from papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) as an alternative larvacide to Aedes spp. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(20), 3395–3399. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2019.432
Jia, Z., Giehl, R. F. H., & von Wirén, N. (2022). Nutrient–hormone relations: Driving root plasticity in plants. Molecular Plant, 15(1), 86–103. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.004
Johnson, S. N., Erb, M., & Hartley, S. E. (2016). Roots under attack: Contrasting plant responses to below- and aboveground insect herbivory. New Phytologist, 210, 413–418. doi:10.1111/nph.13807
Klátyik, S., Simon, G., Oláh, M., Mesnage, R., Antoniou, M. N., Zaller, J. G., & Székács, A. (2023). Terrestrial ecotoxicity of glyphosate, its formulations, and co-formulants: Evidence from 2010–2023. Environmental Sciences Europe, 35, 51. doi:10.1186/s12302-023-00758-9
Lengai, G. M. W., Muthomi, J. W., & Mbega, E. R. (2020). Phytochemical activity and role of botanical pesticides in pest management for sustainable agricultural crop production. Scientific African, 7, e00239. doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00239
Li, Q., Wen, D., Qin, C., Qian, Y., Fu, R., & Lin, S. (2024). Physical, chemical, biological, and synergistic technologies for remediation of pesticide-contaminated soil. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 262, 7. doi:10.1007/s44169-024-00058-0
Meyer, P., Van de Poel, B., & De Coninck, B. (2021). UV-B light and its application potential to reduce disease and pest incidence in crops. Horticulture Research, 8, 194. doi:10.1038/s41438-021-00629-5
Moustafa, M. A. M., Ahmed, F. S., Alfuhaid, N. A., El-Said, N. A., Ibrahim, E. S., & Awad, M. (2024). The synergistic effect of lemongrass essential oil and insecticides on Bemisia tabaci. Insects, 15(5), 302. doi:10.3390/insects15050302
Mota, Z. L., Díaz, I. A., Martínez-Ávila, A. E., Otero-Olvera, M., Leyva-Ruíz, D., Aponte-Pineda, L. S., Rangel-Duarte, S. G., Pacheco-Aguilar, J. R., Amaro-Reyes, A., Campos-Guillén, J., Montes-Flores, L. A., & Ramos-López, M. A. (2024). A review of the adverse effects of neonicotinoids on the environment. Environments, 11(9), 196. doi:10.3390/environments11090196
Mukarram, M., Choudhary, S., Khan, M. A., Poltronieri, P., Khan, M. M. A., Ali, J., Kurjak, D., & Shahid, M. (2021). Lemongrass essential oil components with antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Antioxidants, 11(1), 20. doi:10.3390/antiox11010020
Myers, J. H., & Sarfraz, R. M. (2017). Impacts of insect herbivores on plant populations. Annual Review of Entomology, 62, 207–230. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023826
Olorunnisola, S. K., Asiyanbi, H. T., Hammed, A. M., & Simsek, S. (2014). Biological properties of lemongrass: An overview. International Food Research Journal, 21(2), 455–462.
Panwar, L., Devi, S., & Singh, Y. (2021). Insect pest management in vegetable crops through trap cropping: Review. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 91(10), 1433–1437. doi:10.56093/ijas.v91i10.117421
Parven, A., Meftaul, I. M., Venkateswarlu, K., & Megharaj, M. (2025). Herbicides in modern sustainable agriculture: Environmental fate, ecological implications, and human health concerns. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 22, 1181–1202. doi:10.1007/s13762-024-05818-y
Purba, R. M., & Muliarta, I. N. (2024). Papaya leaves as a plant-based pesticide to control pests and plant diseases. Formosa Journal of Sustainable Research, 3(7), 1455–1476. doi:10.55927/fjsr.v3i7.10314
Rahayu, S., Leksono, A., Gama, Z., & Tarno, H. (2023). The effect of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) on the mortality rate of Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae and the level of damage to soybean leaves in Malang, Indonesia: A greenhouse simulation. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(1), 20–30. doi:10.17503/agrivita.v45i1.3745
Ramadan, A. R. S., & Yuliani, Y. (2025). Effectiveness of soursop leaf and seed extract (Annona muricata) and its combination on antifeeding activity and mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. LenteraBio: Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 14(1), 27–34. doi:10.26740/lenterabio.v14n1.p27-34
Salessy, S., Awan, A., & Wael, S. (2022). Effectiveness of soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.) on the mortality of grayworm caterpillars (Spodoptera litura). Rumphius Pattimura Biological Journal, 4(1), 26–33. doi:10.30598/rumphiusv4i1p026-033
Sarker, A., Kim, D., & Jeong, W.-T. (2024). Environmental fate and sustainable management of pesticides in soils: A critical review focusing on sustainable agriculture. Sustainability, 16(23), 10741. doi:10.3390/su162310741
Siahaya, V. G., & Rumthe, R. Y. (2014). Uji ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya) terhadap larva Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Agrologia, 3(2). doi:10.30598/a.v3i2.251
Siqueira, J. A., Otoni, W. C., & Araújo, W. L. (2022). The hidden half comes into the spotlight: Peeking inside the black box of root developmental phases. Plant Communications, 3(1), 100246. doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100246
Stephens, A. E. A., & Westoby, M. (2015). Effects of insect attack to stems on plant survival, growth, reproduction and photosynthesis. Oikos, 124(3), 266–273. doi:10.1111/oik.01809
Sulaminingsih. (2025). Effectiveness of soursop (Annona muricata) leaf extract as a botanical pesticide against armyworm (Spodoptera litura) on mustard greens (Brassica juncea). Multidisciplinary Indonesian Center Journal (MICJO), 2(3), 3427–3434. doi:10.62567/micjo.v2i3.1032
Syahputra, B. S., & Ginting, T. Y. (2024). The effect of soursop and betel leaf extracts as organic pesticides in pest control of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on onion (Allium ascalonicum L.) cultivation. Jurnal Pembelajaran dan Biologi Nukleus, 10(1). doi:10.36987/jpbn.v10i1.5393
Tambun, M. L., Salbila, S., Khairani, C. A., Syabrina, A., & Sarjani, T. M. (2025). Pengaruh ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya) dan serai (Cymbopogon citratus) terhadap mortalitas dan efektivitas hama kutu kebul (Bemisia tabaci) sebagai biopestisida tanaman tomat (Solanum lycopersicum). Agroteknika, 8(2), 302–314. doi:10.55043/agroteknika.v8i2.464
Tanor, M. N., & Sumayku, B. R. A. (2023). Potential of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) on pest control of mustard plants (Brassica juncea L.). In Advances in Science and Technology (Vol. 128, pp. 121–124). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. doi:10.4028/p-7scihk
Ullah, F., Govindharaj, G. P., Hyder, M., Sarangi, S., Gul, H., Li, X., Guedes, R. N. C., Desneux, N., & Lu, Y. (2025). From plants to pest targets: Revisiting botanical insecticides for lepidopteran pest management. Agriculture Communications, 3(4), 100113. doi:10.1016/j.agrcom.2025.100113
Venâncio, H., Demetrio, G. R., Alves-Silva, E., Cornelissen, T., Cuevas-Reyes, P., & Santos, J. C. (2026). Under pressure: Shading, high herbivory, and low levels of fertilization drive the vegetative response of a highly invasive species. Plants, 15(3), 349. doi:10.3390/plants15030349
Wakhidya, S. A., Rohman, F., Setiowati, F. K., & Razak, A. (2024). Effectiveness of a combination of kitolod leaves (Laurentia longiflora), papaya leaves (Carica papaya), and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as candidates for biocides on Bactrocera pests in Citrus sinensis plants. Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya, 6(2), 82–89. doi:10.26740/jrba.v6n2.p82-89
Wan, S., & Xing, B. (2025). Research progress on chemical composition, biological activity and application of lemongrass and its essential oils. Journal of Functional Foods, 135, 107083. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2025.107083
Wattimena, C. M. A., Latumahina, F. S., & Puttileihalat, M. M. S. (2020). A combination of soursop and lemongrass leaves extract as a vegetable biopesticide. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Science, Technology and Multicultural Education (ICOCIT-MUDA). doi:10.4108/eai.25-6-2019.2294310
Yang, H., Liu, J., Ma, M., Tan, Z., Zhang, K., Sun, R., Zhan, X., & Cui, D. (2025). Leaf development and its interaction with phyllospheric microorganisms: Impacts on plant stress responses. Plant Stress, 16, 100843. doi:10.1016/j.stress.2025.100843
Zhang, N. X., Stephan, J. G., Björkman, C., & Puentes, A. (2021). Global change calls for novel plant protection: Reviewing the potential of omnivorous plant-inhabiting arthropods as predators and plant defence inducers. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 47, 103–110. doi:10.1016/j.cois.2021.06.001
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Chairiyah, Ipun, Dwi Santoso, Nur Indah Mansyur, Nurmaisah, Muh Adiwena, Muttaqien
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
