Utilization of Magnetic Biochar from Palm Shell as An Adsorbent for Removal of COD, Total Suspended Solid, Oil and Grease in Greywater
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v10i3.4597Published:
2024-03-30Issue:
Vol. 10 No. 3 (2024): MarchKeywords:
adsorption, magnetic biochar, greywater, palm shellResearch Articles
Downloads
How to Cite
Downloads
Metrics
Abstract
Greywater is wastewater from domestic activities sourced from kitchens, bathrooms, and laundry water. Greywater discharged directly into the environment can cause a decrease in surface water quality due to its high organic content, nutrients, pathogenic bacteria, and detergents and surfactants. One method that can be used to remove organic and nutrient content is adsorption. The success of the adsorption process is determined by several factors, such as adsorbent type, dosage, contact time, and others. One adsorbent that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years is magnetic biochar. This study aims to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), oil, and grease from greywater with a magnetic biochar adsorbent made from palm shells. The study was conducted by varying the dose of 1.2–8.55 g/l and the contact time of 30–150 minutes. The results showed that increasing the dose and contact time can increase the removal efficiency of COD, TSS, oil, and grease. The best results were obtained at a dose of 8.55 g/l and a contact time of 150 minutes. The removal of COD, TSS, oil, and grease was 87.91%, 88.46%, and 99.96%, respectively.
References
Abuzar, S.S., Afrianita, R., & Notrilauvia, N. (2012). Penyisihan Minyak dan Lemak Limbah Cair Hotel Menggunakan Serbuk Kulit Jagung. Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan UNAND, 9(1), 13-25.
Ahmad, A., Rafatullah, M., Sulaiman, O., Ibrahim, M. H., Chii, Y. Y., & Siddique, B. M. (2009). Removal of Cu (II) and Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption on sawdust of Meranti wood. Desalination, 247(1-3), 636-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.01.007.
Afrianita, R., Fitria, D., & Sari, B, P. (2010). Pemanfaatan Fly Ash Batubara Sebagai Adsorben Dalam Penyisihan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dari Limbah Cair Domestik. Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, 1(33). Retrieved from http://repo.unand.ac.id/2956/1/14.Reri_Afrianita.pdf
Agustina, T.E., Sulistyono, B. & Anugrah, R. (2016). Pengolahan Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) dengan Metode Fenton dan Kombinasi Adsorpsi-Fenton. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, 22(3), 1-8. Retrieved from http://ejournal.ft.unsri.ac.id/index.php/JTK/article/view/886
Alimano, M. & Syafila, M. (2014). Reduksi Ukuran Adsorben untuk Memperbesar Diameter Pori dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Efisiensi Adsorpsi Minyak Jelantah. Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, 20(5), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.5614/jtl.2014.20.2.8
Anijiofor, C. S., Daud, N. N. N., Idrus, S., & Man, C. H. (2018). Recycling of Fishpond wastewater by Adsorption of Pollutants using Aged Refuse as an Alternative Low-Cost Adsorbent. Journal of Sustainable Environment Research, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.serj.2018.05.005
Asadiya, A & Karnaningroem, N. (2018). Pengololahan Limbah Air domestik Menggunakan Proses Aerasi, Pengendapan, dan Filtrasi Media Zeolit-Arang Aktif. Jurnal Teknik ITS, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.12962/j23373539.v7i1.28923
Aziz, H.A., Daud, Z., Adlan, M.N & Hung, Y.T. (2009). The Use of Polyaluminium Chloride for Removing Colour, COD and Ammonia from Semi-Aerobic Leachate. International Journal Environmental Engineering, 1(1), 20-35. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEE.2009.026440
Bakhtiar, M.H.A., Sari, N., Yunus, M.F., Khairol, & Yacoob, A. (2019). Characterization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Brunch (EFB) Biochar Activated with Potassium Hydroxide Under Different Pyrolisis Temperature. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 14(5), 2792-2807. Retrieved from https://jestec.taylors.edu.my/Vol%2014%20issue%205%20October%202019/14_5_25.pdf
Basu, P. (2010). Biomass Gasification and Pyrolisis Practical Design. United States of America: Academic Press.
Bottani, E. J. & Tascon, J. M. D. (2011). Adsorption by Carbons. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Cecen, F & Aktas, O. (2012). Activated Carbon for Water and Wastewater Treatment Integration of Adsorpstion and Biological Treatment. Singapore: Wiley-VCH.
Chinyama, A., (2012). Sustainable Sanitatation Systems for Low Income Urban Areas – A Case of The City of Bulowayo. Zimbabwe: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2012.08.010
Deng, Y., Zhang, T., & Wang, Q. (2017). Biochar Adsorption Treatment for Typical Pollutants Removal in Livestock Wastewater: A Review. Intech, 72-82. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68253
Eriksson, E., Auffarth, K., Henze, M., & Ledin, A. (2002). Characteristic of Grey Wastewater. Urban Water, 4, 85-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-758(01)00064-4
Firmansyah, R. Y. & Razif, M. (2016). Perbandingan Desain IPAL Anaerobic Biofilter dengan Rotating Biological Contactor untuk Limbah Cair Tekstil Surabaya. Jurnal Teknik ITS, 5(2), 166-171. https://doi.org/10.12962/j23373539.v5i2.17862
Gaikwad, S. & Mane, J. S. (2013). Reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand by using Coconut Shell Activated Carbon and Sugarcane Bagasse Fly Ash. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 4(7), 642-645. Retrieved from https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i7/SUB156365.pdf
Ghaitidak, M. D. & Yadav, D. K. (2014). Effect of coagulant in greywater treatment for reuse: selection of optimal coagulation condition using Analytic Hierarchy Process. Desalination and Water Treatment, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.924036
Gumus, H.R. & Okpeku, I. (2015). Production of Activated Carbon and Characterization from Snail Shell Waste (Helix Promatia). Journal Chemical Engineering and Science, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2015.51006
Gwenzi, W., Chaukura, N., Noubactep, C., & Mukome, F.N.D. (2017). Biochar based water treatment systems as a potential low-cost and sustainable technology for clean water provision. Journal of environmental management, 197, 732-749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.087
Handayani, S. D. (2013). Kajian Pustaka Potensi Pemanfaatan Greywater Sebagai Air Siram Wc dan Air Siram Tanaman di Rumah Tangga. Jurnal Presipitasi: Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan, 10(1), 41-50. Retrieved from https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/presipitasi/article/view/7227
Kurniawan, P.S. (2011). Adsorpsi Asam Lemak Bebas Menggunakan Adsorben Berbasis Limbah Padat Sagu. Skripsi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Li, F., Wichmann, K. & Otterpohl, R. (2009). Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 3439–3449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.004
Lori, A.J., Afolabi, L., & Lawal, O.A. (2017). Proximate and Ultimate Analyses of Palm Kernal Shell as Precursor for Activated Carbon. Journal of Harmonized Research in Applied Sciences 181-186.
Maulina, S. & Iriansyah, M. (2018). Characteristics of Activated Carbon Resulted from Pyrolisis of the Palm Fronds Powder. Journal Material Science and Engineering, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/309/1/012072
Metcalf & Eddy. (2003). Watewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse (Fourth Edition). United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
Mubarak, N.M., Kundu, A., Sahu, N.J. & Abdullah, E.C. (2014). Synthesis of palm oil Empty Fruit Bunch Magnetic Pyrolytic Char Impregnating with FeCl3 by Microwave Heating Technique. Journal Biomass and Bioebergy, 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219581X1550009X
Mubarak, N.M., Sahu, N.J., Salim, A.S.H. & Abdullah, C.E. 2015. Removal of Methylene Blue and Orange-G from Waste Water Using Magnetic Biochar. International Journal of Nanoscience, 14(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219581X1550009X
Mohammed, R. R. (2013). Decolorisation of biologically Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Adsorption Technique. International Refereed Journal of Enggineering and Science (IRJES), 2(10), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.004
Othman, M.R., Hassan, M.A., Shirai, Y., Baharuddin, A.S., Ali, A.A.M. & Idris, J. (2013). Treatment of Effluent from Palm Oil Mill Process to Archive River Water Quality for Reuse as Recycled Water in a Zero Emission System. Journal of Cleaner Production, 30, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.004
Pari, G., Hendra, D. & Pasaribu, A. R. (2006). Pengaruh Lama Waktu Kontak Aktivasi dan Konsentrasi Asam Fosgrease terhadap Mutu Arang Aktif Kulit Kayu Acacia Mangium. Jurnal Hasil Hutan, 24(1), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.20886/jphh.2006.24.1.33-45
Park, J. H., Choppala, G. K., Bolan, N. S., Chung, J. W. & Chuasavathi, T. (2011). Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals. Plant Soil, 348, 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0948-y
Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup. (2016). Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 68 Tahun 2016 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik. Republik Indonesia.
Qomariyah, S., Koosdaryani, & Fitriani, K.D.R. (2016). Perencanaan Bangunan Pengolahan Grey water Rumah Tangga dengan Lahan Basah Buatan dan Proses Pengolahannya. E-Jurnal Matriks Tekik Sipil, 939-945. https://doi.org/10.20961/mateksi.v4i3.37103
Rahmawati., Chadijah, S,T. & Ilyas, A. (2013). Analisa Penurunan Kadar COD dan BOD Limbah Cair Laboratorium Biokimia UN Makassar Menggunakan Fly ash (Abu Terbang) Batubara. Al-Kimia, 64-75. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-kimia.v1i1.1622
Rashed, M. N. (2013). Adsorption Technique for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater. Organic pollutants-monitoring, risk and treatment, 7, 167-194.
Said, M., Hassimi A. H., Mohd, T. M. N. & Abdul, W. M. (2015). Removal of COD, TSS and Colour from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Montmorillonite. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(23), 10490-10497. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1036778
Saleh, S., Khairul B. K., Wan, A. W. A. K. G. & Loh, S. K. (2016). Removal of Organic Contaminant from Aqueous Solution Using Magnetic Biochar. International Conference on Process Engineering and Advanced Materials, 148, 228-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.590
Shahawy, E. A. & Heikal, G. (2018). Regression, Kinetic and Isoterm Models for Biosrption of Organic Pollutants, Suspended and Dissolved Solids by Environmentally Friendly and Economical Dried Phagmatis Austalis. Journal of The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018, 40511-40528. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA07221C
Siregar, Y. D. I., Heryanto, R., Lela, N. & Lestari, H. (2015). Karakterisasi Karbon Aktif Asal Tumbuhan dan Tulang Hewan Menggunakan FTIR dan Analisa Kemometrika. Jurnal Kimia VALENSI, 1(2), 103-106. https://doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v0i0.3146
Shaikh., Sameer, S.K. & Younus, S.K. (2015). Grey Water Reuse a Susteinable Solution of Water Crisis in Pusad City in Maharashrta, India. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing And Communication, 3, 167-170. Retrieved from https://jom.unri.ac.id/index.php/JOMFTEKNIK/article/viewFile/28365/27341
Skudi, J. B. R., Wanjau, J. Murungi, C.O. & Onindo. (2014). Alum treated grey water for Toilet Flushing, Mopping and Laundry Work. Hydrol Current Ress, 2, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000114
Susanto, D., Rezagama, A. & Sudarno. (2017). Pengolahan Limbah Cair Menggunakan Metode Kombinasi Koagulasi-Flokulasi (FeCl3) Dan Aops (Fe H2O2). Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan, 6(2).
Wang, D., Guo, F., Wu, Y., Li, Z. & Wu, G. (2018). Technical, Economic and Environmental Assessment of Coagulation/Filtration Tertiary Treatment Process in Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plants. Journal of Cleaner Production, 170, 1185-1194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.231
Wicaksono, I. (2012). Penyisihan logam krom dari limbah cair penyamakan kulit menggunakan Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS). Tesis Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan. Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Zhang, M., Cao, B., Varnoosfaderani, S., Hebard, A., Yao, Y. & Inyang, M. (2012). Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Magnetic Biochar for Arsenic Removal. Biosource Technology, 130, 457-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.132
Zhang, J.Y., Xiao, J.Z., Duan, K.Z., Li, M. & Wang, Y. (2014). Effects of Steam Activation on the Pore Structure and Surface Chemistry of Activated Carbon Derived from Bamboo Waste. Applied Surface Science, 315, 279-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.07.126
Zhou, X., Liu, Y., Zhou, J., Guo, J., Ren, J. & Zhou, F. (2018). Efficient Removal of Lead from Aqueous Solution by Urea-Functionalized Magnetic Biochar: Preparation, characterization and mechanism study. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2018.04.01
Zainol, M, M., Asmadi, M. & Amin, S. N. (2014). Impregnation of Magnetic Particles on Oil Palm Shell Activated Carbon for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution. Jurnal Teknologi, 72(1), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v72.3278
Author Biographies
David Andrio, Universitas Riau
Muhammad Ramadhan Saputra, Universitas Riau
Lita Darmayanti, Universitas Riau
License
Copyright (c) 2024 David Andrio, Muhammad Ramadhan Saputra, Lita Darmayanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).