Biodiversity and Carbon Storage in Mangroves with Varying Protection in North Sulawesi
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v11i12.13082Published:
2025-12-25Downloads
Abstract
Mangrove ecosystems contribute to biodiversity conservation and climate-change mitigation through carbon storage. This study assessed the association between biodiversity (flora and fauna) and carbon stocks in mangroves of North Sulawesi across three management contexts: a conservation zone (Bunaken), a protected forest (Sondaken), and an unprotected area (Bitung). Field surveys were conducted to compile species inventories, and carbon stocks were estimated from biomass measurements. Protected sites showed higher species richness and larger carbon stocks than the unprotected site. Species richness was positively and significantly correlated with carbon storage, indicating that sites with greater biodiversity also tended to store more carbon. These results support the role of effective protection in maintaining both ecological integrity and carbon sequestration capacity. In conclusion, strengthening mangrove protection in North Sulawesi is likely to deliver co-benefits for biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation.
Keywords:
Biodiversity Carbon Mangrove Species richnessReferences
Alongi, D. M. (2012). Carbon sequestration in mangrove forests. Carbon Management, 3(3), 313–322. https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.12.20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.12.20
Alongi, D. M. (2014). Carbon cycling and storage in mangrove forests. Annual Review of Marine Science, 6, 195–219. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135020
Alongi, D. M. (2018). Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change. Forests, 9(10), 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9100596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f9100596
Arifanti, V. B., Kauffman, J. B., Hadriyanto, D., Murdiyarso, D., & Diana, R. (2019). Carbon dynamics and land use carbon footprints in mangrove-converted aquaculture: The case of the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management, 432, 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.047
Ati, R. N., Rustam, A., & Kepel, T. L. (2016). Stok karbon dan struktur komunitas mangrove sebagai blue carbon di Tanjung Api-api, Sumatera Selatan. Omni-Akuatika, 12(3), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2016.12.3.126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2016.12.3.126
Beselly, S. M., van der Wegen, M., Reyns, J., Grueters, U., Dijkstra, J. T., & Roelvink, D. (2025). Strategic mangrove restoration increases carbon stock capacity. Communications Earth & Environment, 6(1), 422. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02401-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02401-2
Boho, D., Rzanny, M., Wäldchen, J., & Nitsche, F. (2020). Flora Incognita – Towards automatic plant identification in natural habitats. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 176, 105628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105628 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105628
Budiarti, E. P., Prakoso, J., & Suwondo, E. (2023). Utilization of mangrove plants by coastal communities in Mandah District, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(12), 12082–12097. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i12.6311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i12.6311
Caella, L. A., & Yulianto, S. (2024). The effectiveness of animation video media to increase interest and learning outcomes in science subjects. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(9), 6621–6630. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i9.8445 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i9.8445
Chmura, G. L., Anisfeld, S. C., Cahoon, D. R., & Lynch, J. C. (2003). Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17(4), 1111. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001917 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001917
Donato, D. C., Kauffman, J. B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M., & Kanninen, M. (2011). Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geoscience, 4, 293–297. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123
Duarte, C. M., Losada, I. J., Hendriks, I. E., Mazarrasa, I., & Marbà, N. (2013). The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 3, 961–968. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1970 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1970
Easteria, G. S., Sanjaya, A., & Badruzsaufari, B. (2022). Estimasi stok karbon di kawasan hutan mangrove Mempawah Mangrove Park dan Desa Pasir, Kabupaten Mempawah, Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 14(2), 463–478. https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v14i2.39861 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v14i2.39861
Fourqurean, J. W., Duarte, C. M., Kennedy, H., Marbà, N., Holmer, M., Mateo, M. A., Apostolaki, E. T., Kendrick, G. A., Krause-Jensen, D., McGlathery, K. J., & Serrano, O. (2012). Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock. Nature Geoscience, 5, 505–509. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1477
Friess, D. A., Richards, D. R., & Phang, J. M. (2020). Deriving emission factors for mangrove blue carbon ecosystems in Indonesia. Ecological Indicators, 108, 105714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105714
Hadiprayitno, G., Wazim, A., Syukur, A., Nursan, M., & Saputra, H. H. (2023). Public perceptions and preferences for mangrove ecotourism development in East Ekas, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(9), 7553–7562. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i9.5221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i9.5221
Handayani, S., Zulkarnaini, Z., & Komala, P. S. (2024). Composition of environmental parameters in aquatic sediments in West Sumatra. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(8), 6170–6180. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i8.7579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i8.7579
Jelibseda, D. H., Kamal, F. R., Razak, A., & Diliarosta, S. (2025). Analysis of vegetation structure and sustainable management of mangrove forests. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(12), 11239–11248. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i12.9683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i12.9683
Kenedi, A. K., Febriandhika, I., & Alamsyah, Y. (2024). Beach quality evaluation through coastal environment monitoring: Study in Pariaman City Beach, West Sumatera. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(10), 7397–7408. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i10.8792 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i10.8792
Komiyama, A., Ong, J. E., & Poungparn, S. (2008). Allometry, biomass, and productivity of mangrove forests: A review. Aquatic Botany, 89(2), 128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.006
Kristianingrum, S. (2024). Analyzing the value of Nusantara food and local wisdom in meeting the daily nutritional needs of society. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(3), 1629–1636. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i3.5638
Kusumaningtyas, M. A., Kepel, T. L., Solihuddin, T., Lubis, A. A., Putra, A. D. P., Sugiharto, U., & Rustam, A. (2022). Carbon sequestration potential in the rehabilitated mangroves in Indonesia. Ecological Research, 37(1), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12279
Kusumaningtyas, M. (2024). Carbon sequestration potential in rehabilitated Indonesian mangroves (Banten Province). Journal of Environmental Management, 310, 114768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114768
Laliberté, E., & Tylianakis, J. M. (2012). Cascading effects of long-term land-use changes on plant traits and ecosystem functioning. Ecology, 93(1), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0338.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0338.1
Langi, M., Nurmawan, W., Saroinsong, F., & Walangitan, H. (2025). Comparative economic valuation of mangrove ecosystems in conservation and non-conservation zones in North Sulawesi. Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Terapan, 6(1), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.35791/jat.v6i1.62743
Langi, M. A., & Nurmawan, W. (2023). Hubungan faktor lingkungan terhadap produksi serasah mangrove Teling Tombariri, Taman Nasional Bunaken. Risalah Kebijakan Pertanian dan Lingkungan, 10(3), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.29244/jkebijakan.v10i3.48394 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/jkebijakan.v10i3.48394
Latifa, R., Nurrohman, E., & Hadi, S. (2024). Characteristic exploration of family Fabaceae leaf trichomes. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(8), 4589–4598. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i8.6721 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i8.6721
Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J., Kauffman, J. B., Warren, M. W., Sasmito, S. D., Donato, D. C., Manuri, S., Krisnawati, H., Taberima, S., & Kurnianto, S. (2015). The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 5, 1089–1092. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2734 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2734
Pendleton, L., Donato, D. C., Murray, B. C., Crooks, S., Jenkins, W. A., Sifleet, S., Craft, C., Fourqurean, J. W., Kauffman, J. B., Marbà, N., Megonigal, P., Pidgeon, E., Herr, D., Gordon, D., & Baldera, A. (2012). Estimating global “blue carbon” emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 7(9), e43542. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043542
Prananta, A. W., Rohman, A., Agustin, R., & Pranoto, N. W. (2024). Augmented reality for interactive, innovative and fun science learning: Systematic literature review. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(SpecialIssue), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10iSpecialIssue.7519 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10iSpecialIssue.7519
Rahmania, R., Suryono, S., & Efendy, M. (2023). Carbon stock assessments in mangrove forests: A bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1239904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1239904 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1239904
Ramli, A. R., Rea, I. C., Sarango, A. R., & Zakaria, A. (2025). Potensi karbon biomassa dan kandungan nutrien daun Avicennia alba di Tahura Ngurah Rai, Bali. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 31(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.31.1.25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.31.1.25
Safitri, I. N., Indarto, Sunarminto, B. H., & Shrestha, R. P. (2023). Inventory and carbon stock assessment of mangrove forest in Dibamba, Cameroon using Sentinel-2 and ALOS-2. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 22(1), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.22.1.109-124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.22.1.109-124
Salahuddin, S., Hairunnisa, H., & Alfiansyah, F. (2024). Analysis of mangrove forest management in Teluk Lembar, West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(10), 7712–7725. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i10.9485 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i10.9485
Saputra, K. A., Nasution, S., & Nurzainah, N. (2024). Coastal vulnerability index for mangrove conservation to sea level rise and coastal hazards. Aquacoastmarine: Journal of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.32734/jafs.v3i1.15545 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32734/jafs.v3i1.15545
Seddon, N., Chausson, A., Berry, P., Girardin, C. A. J., Smith, A., & Turner, B. (2020). Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Biological Sciences, 375(1794), 20190120. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0120
Septinar, L. R., Arfa, M., & Ade, R. (2023). Pendidikan dan pelatihan pengelolaan mangrove sebagai habitat nursery ground di Desa Tanjung Kuras, Kabupaten Karimun. E-Sosial Journal, 1(2), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.31851/esjo.v1i2.11920 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31851/esjo.v1i2.11920
Sutran, R., Sulistiono, S., & Sutejo, N. (2024). Impact of anthropogenic activities on mangrove vegetation based on the anthropogenic pressure index in Youtefa Bay, Jayapura City, Papua. Akuatiklestari, 7(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.31629/akuatiklestari.v7i1.6236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31629/akuatiklestari.v7i1.6236
Tambunan, A. A., Adi, T. B., & Tukijan, T. (2024). The role of creative economics in Sei Nagalawan mangrove ecotourism sector. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(SpecialIssue), 505–513. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10iSpecialIssue.6146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10iSpecialIssue.6146
Tilman, D., Isbell, F., & Cowles, J. M. (2014). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 45, 471–493. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917
van Zanten, B. T., Brander, L. M., & Torres, D. G. (2021). The economics of large-scale mangrove conservation and restoration in Indonesia. World Bank Group. https://doi.org/10.1596/37605 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/37605
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Wawan Nurmawan, Martina A. Langi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
