Stakeholder Power, Conflict Dynamics, and Sustainable Urban Spring Governance in the Framework of the Sustainable Development Goals
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v12i3.14514Published:
2026-03-25Downloads
Abstract
Urbanization pressures and land conversion in Probolinggo City in recent years have increased the risk of discharge reduction and degradation of recharge zones at three main springs: Senthong, Grinting/Sumber Wetan, and Umbul/Ganesha. This study aims to analyze the distribution of power, interests, and conflicts in urban spring conservation. The approach used is a qualitative case study through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and policy document analysis. The analysis is grounded in Stakeholder Theory using a power–interest matrix instrument to map actor configurations and their relational dynamics. The findings indicate that local government and the water distribution operator (PDAM) occupy dominant positions (high power), while business actors fall into the category of powerful beneficiaries. In contrast, local communities have high interests but low power. This pattern produces pseudo-collaboration practices, in which communities are only involved at the socialization or ceremonial stage, with no role in determining tariff policies, distribution allocation, or conservation priorities. This imbalance triggers latent conflict between exploitation-oriented interests and ecosystem protection agendas. The study concludes that spring conservation requires a governance design that corrects power asymmetry through the establishment of formally legalized cross-actor collaborative forums and the granting of community-based management rights over recharge areas as a mechanism for strengthening substantive participation.
Keywords:
Collaborative governance Stakeholder power Urban springs Water governance Water resource conservationReferences
Abdel-Fattah, M. K. (2020). Multivariate analysis for assessing irrigation water quality: A case study of the Bahr Mouise Canal, Eastern Nile Delta. Water Switzerland, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092537
Alafifi, A. H. (2020). Systems modeling to improve river, riparian, and wetland habitat quality and area. Environmental Modelling and Software, 126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104643
Amini, A., Barlian, E., Syah, N., Umar, I., & Siregar, D. R. (2025). Study of the Carrying Capacity of the Anai River Basin in West Sumatra Province. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(12), 1304–1314. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i12.11727
Anggana, A. F., Savitri, E., Cahyono, S. A., Adi, R. N., Putra, P. B., Zakaria, R., & Afandi, M. (2024). Land Vulnerability Analysis for Determining Land Rehabilitation Directions for Soil Conservation in Conservation District: Case Study of Tamansari District, Boyolali Regency. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(11), 9780–9790. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i11.9519
Annaifah, S. G. (2024). Tata kelola sumber daya air berkelanjutan-berkeadilan: Bagaimana Indonesia memperkuat poros maritim? EcoProfit: Sustainable and Environment Business, 1(2), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.61511/ecoprofit.v1i2.2024.331
Antunes, I. M. H. R. (2019). The “Sete Fontes” groundwater system (Braga, NW Portugal): historical milestones and urban assessment. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5(1), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-018-0286-9
Azmin, N. (2025). Evaluation of Beach Ecosystems in Monta District, Bima Regency Using Macroalgae as an Indicator of Marine Tourism Development. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(9), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i9.12521
Bakker, K., & Morinville, C. (2013). The governance dimensions of water security: a review. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 371(2002), 20130116. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0116
Bere, A. F. I., Binsasi, R., & Blegur, W. A. (2023). Pengelolaan Sumber Mata Air Berbasis Kearifan Lokal di Kabupaten Malaka (Management of Springs Based on Local Wisdom in Malaka Regency). Jurnal Biologi Indonesia, 19(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.47349/jbi/19022023/135
Brisbois, M. C., & de Loë, R. C. (2016). Power in collaborative approaches to governance for water: a systematic review. Society & Natural Resources, 29(7), 775–790. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1080339
Bryson, J. M. (2004). What to do when stakeholders matter: stakeholder identification and analysis techniques. Public Management Review, 6(1), 21–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030410001675722
Bulo, M. A. M., Ekayani, A. D., & Dolontelide, M. C. (2024). Implementasi PAMSIMAS dalam Mendukung Pencapaian SDGs ke-6 di Indonesia. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research, 4(4), 10269–10281. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v4i4.13847
Burnet, J. B. (2019). Tracking the contribution of multiple raw and treated wastewater discharges at an urban drinking water supply using near real-time monitoring of Β-D-glucuronidase activity. Water Research, 164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.114869
Buss, J. (2022). Spatiotemporal variations of surface water quality in a medium-sized river catchment (Northwestern Germany) with agricultural and urban land use over a five-year period with extremely dry summers. Science of the Total Environment, 818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151730
Capah, B. M., Rachim, H. A., & Raharjo, S. T. (2023). Implementasi SDG’s-12 melalui Pengembangan Komunitas dalam Program CSR. Share: Social Work Journal, 13(1), 150–161. https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v13i1.46502
Caro-Borrero, A. (2024). “The springs are untouchable”: amid community management and government neglect, the last springs in peri-urban areas of Mexico City. Urban Ecosystems, 27(2), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-023-01453-6
Chauhan, R. (2023). The degradation of spring water resources in Nepal: some policy gaps. Water Policy, 25(4), 338–358. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2023.159
Collier, K. (2016). Conservation of aquatic invertebrates: concerns, challenges and conundrums. Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 26(5), 817–837. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2710
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
Djohar, & Junita, D. (2025). Resilient Ecosystems: Key to Environmental Disaster Resilience and Logistics Efficiency. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(4), 32–40. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i4.10710
Edelenbos, J., & Van Meerkerk, I. (2015). Connective capacity in water governance practices: The meaning of trust and boundary spanning for integrated performance. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 12, 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.08.009
Fatristya, L. G. I., Saimah, W., Hadi, I., & Aryanti, E. (2025). Peran air bersih dan sanitasi dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup: Tinjauan literatur terhadap pencapaian tujuan SDGs 2030. Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains, Geologi, Dan Geofisika (GeoScienceEd Journal), 6(1), 596–602. https://doi.org/10.29303/geoscienceed.v6i1.598
Feizizadeh, B., Omarzadeh, D., Ronagh, Z., Sharifi, A., Blaschke, T., & Lakes, T. (2021). A scenario-based approach for urban water management in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and a case study for the Tabriz metropolitan area, Iran. Science of the Total Environment, 790, 148272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148272
Giupponi, L. (2022). Vegetation and water of lowland spring-wells in Po Plain (Northern Italy): ecological features and management proposals. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 30(2), 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-022-09865-5
Harjanta, S. L., & Ningrum, D. P. (2023). Inhibiting Factors for Collaborative Water Governance: A Case Study of Mount Merapi Ecosystem in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. CHANNEL: Jurnal Komunikasi, 11(1), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.12928/channel.v11i1.225
Hermawan, H. (2024). Diversity of Aquatic Insects as an Indicator of Water Cleanliness in the Cirahab Serang-Banten Water Sources Area. Transpublika International Research In Exact Sciences, 3(4), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.55047/tires.v3i4.1405
Hung, C. L. J. (2020). Impacts of combined land-use and climate change on streamflow in two nested catchments in the Southeastern United States. Ecological Engineering, 143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.105665
Jo, C. (2022). Temporal and Spatial Water Quality Assessment of the Geumho River, Korea, Using Multivariate Statistics and Water Quality Indices. Water Switzerland, 14(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111761
Kirana, K. C. (2021). Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Berdasarkan Perspektif Hukum Indonesia. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 2(11), 1981–1988. https://doi.org/10.36418/jist.v2i11.275
Komala, P. S., Nur, A., & Nabila, A. S. (2025). Study on the Water Usage in Office and Laboratory Buildings. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(3), 1079–1088. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i3.9563
Kurzweil, J. R. (2021). Utilization of ecological indicators to quantify distribution and conservation status of Mt. Tamalpais Springs, Marin County, California. Ecological Indicators, 125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107544
Mamesah, J. A., Tuapattinaja, M. A., Tetelepta, J. M. ., Wawo, M., & Salma, F. (2024). Turtle Biology Conservation at Taman Kili Kili Beach, Wonocoyo Village. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(6), 2935–2947. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i6.7240
Megdal, S. B., Eden, S., & Shamir, E. (2017). Water governance, stakeholder engagement, and sustainable water resources management. Water, 9(3), 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030190
Moore, M.-L., von der Porten, S., Plummer, R., Brandes, O., & Baird, J. (2014). Water policy reform and innovation: A systematic review. Environmental Science & Policy, 38, 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.01.007
Neumann, A. (2021). Implementation of a watershed modelling framework to support adaptive management in the Canadian side of the Lake Erie basin. Ecological Informatics, 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101444
Ninasafitri, Aris, A. P., Arifin, Y. I., & Zeffitni. (2023). Geoconservation of Groundwater in the Getourism Area of Olele Village for the Development of the Tomini Bay Geopark. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(11), 9128–9135. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i11.5123
Nurmasita, L., Asrifah, R. D., & Santoso, D. H. (2020). Konservasi Mataair untuk Memenuhi Kebutuhan Domestik di Daerah Desa Pagerharjo, Kecamatan Samigaluh, Kabupaten Kulon Progo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Jurnal Mineral, Energi, Dan Lingkungan, 4(2), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.31315/jmel.v4i2.3156
Pambudi, A. S., & Kusumanto, T. (2023). Water resources governance in Indonesia towards environmental sustainability along with social and economic development. In Environmental Governance in Indonesia (pp. 289–311). Springer International Publishing Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15904-6_16 Published
Perevochtchikova, M. (2020). Participatory community-based monitoring of water in the southwest periphery of Mexico City. Investigaciones Geograficas, 103. https://doi.org/10.14350/RIG.60063
Permata, C., Larasati, A., Ayuningtyas, M. L., Putri, A. A. K., & Wahyudi, A. V. (2024). Analisis potensi dan kemajuan dalam pengelolaan air bersih dan sanitasi berkelanjutan (SDGs 6) di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Lingkungan Dan Pembangunan, 25(01), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.21009/plpb.v25i01.40440
Pioh, D. D., & Pinatik, H. F. (2025). Evaluation of Land Suitability for Revegetation Plants at Megawati Soekarno Putri Botanical Garden Ratatotok, Minahasa Tenggara Regency. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(10), 1098–1106. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i10.12924
Pokhrel, G. (2025). Governance of spring-dependent community water supply schemes in Seti Khola Watershed, Nepal. Water Supply, 25(11), 1498–1514. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2025.091
Prayoga, M. B. R., Fatmah, F., & Harsoyo, B. (2023). Ketahanan Air Indonesia dalam Perspektif Ilmu Lingkungan dan Paradigma Nexus Pangan-Energi-Air Berkelanjutan. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 21(2), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.21.2.279-288
Prihantini, N. B. (2023). The role of indonesian indigenous cyanobacteria culture collection as an ex-situ conservation effort and Microalgae Biodiversity study material. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(3), 1269–1276. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i3.2763
Rasidi, A., & Boediningsih, W. (2023). Konservasi dan pengelolaan sumber daya air berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Klaten Jawa Tengah. Ulil Albab: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 2(2), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.56799/jim.v2i2.1245
Reed, M. S., Graves, A., Dandy, N., Posthumus, H., Hubacek, K., Morris, J., Prell, C., Quinn, C. H., & Stringer, L. C. (2009). Who’s in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(5), 1933–1949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.001
Renaldi, B., Nopianti, H., & Himawati, I. P. (2024). Eksistensi Kearifan Lokal dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Sungai: Studi Kasus Masyarakat Desa Surau Bengkulu Tengah. Satwika: Kajian Ilmu Budaya Dan Perubahan Sosial, 8(2), 462–471. https://doi.org/10.22219/satwika.v8i2.33110
Rodrigues, L. F. T. (2020). Enviromental quality of water springs inside and outside conservation units in Southeast Brazil. Oecologia Australis, 24(1), 154–163. https://doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2020.2401.12
Safitri, I., & Sofiana, M. S. J. (2024). Exploration of Microalgal Role as Bioindicator to Evaluate Water Quality in the Waters of Desa Sungai Nibung West Kalimantan. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(9), 6815–6825. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i9.8162
Salsabila, F. Y., Purnaweni, H., & Herawati, A. R. (2025). Peran Stakeholders dalam Konservasi Sumber Daya Air di Waduk Jatibarang Kota Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 13(3), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.14710/jppmr.v13i3.45827
Sarjani, T. M., Ariska, R. N., Pandia, E. S., Prastika, D., & Tambunan, M. I. H. (2023). Conservation of Gayo’s Endemic Orchid (Paphiopedilum primulinum) Through In Vitro Seed Germination and Development with Coconut Water. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(SpecialIssue), 422–427. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9iSpecialIssue.5307
Souza, S. R. (2020). Are urban springs really protected in municipal management? One experience in Sorocaba, Brazil. Geojournal, 85(4), 933–941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10001-9
Suseno, I. U., & Saputra, B. M. (2025). Peran Masyarakat Lokal Dalam Upaya Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDGS): Studi Kasus Subak Jatiluwih. Jambura Economic Education Journal, 7(3), 839–857. https://doi.org/10.37479/jeej.v7i3.28024
Tadros, M. J. (2020). Evaluating the effect of Prosopis juliflora, an Alien Invasive Species, on land cover change using remote sensing approach. Sustainability Switzerland, 12(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU12155887
Ummah, M., & Kusumah, R. I. (2020). Kajian teoritis water governance untuk pengelolaan air di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 4(1), 29–51. https://doi.org/10.31506/jog.v5i2.9301
Wulandari, A. S. R., & Ilyas, A. (2019). Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air di Indonesia: Tata Pengurusan Air dalam Bingkai Otonomi Daerah. Gema Keadilan, 6(3), 287–299. https://doi.org/10.14710/gk.2019.6750
Yang, M., Yang, K., Che, Y., Lu, S., Sun, F., Chen, Y., & Li, M. (2021). Resolving transboundary water conflicts: Dynamic evolutionary analysis using an improved GMCR model. Water Resources Management, 35(10), 3321–3338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02895-3
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications (6th ed.). Sage Thousand Oaks, CA.
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurkholis, Mohammad Khusaini, Maharani Pertiwi Koentjoro
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
