Total Economic Valuation of Coral Reef Ecosystems and Ecotourism Carrying Capacity for Sustainable Management of the Gita Nada Marine Protected Area, West Lombok
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v12i5.14629Published:
2026-05-25Downloads
Abstract
Economic valuation alone is insufficient if it is not complemented by an analysis of environmental carrying capacity, particularly in areas designated for ecotourism development. This study aims to estimate the total economic value (TEV) of coral reef ecosystems and to assess the ecotourism carrying capacity within the Gita Nada Marine Protected Area (MPA) in West Lombok Regency. A descriptive research approach was employed using survey techniques involving three respondent groups: ecosystem service users (fishermen, n = 24), tourists (n = 40), and stakeholders (n = 11), totaling 75 respondents. Direct and indirect use values were estimated using market price, surrogate market, and replacement cost methods, while non-use values were derived through willingness-to-pay (WTP) surveys and benefit transfer. The findings indicate that the total economic value of coral reefs in the Gita Nada MPA reaches IDR 74,961,205,060.00 per year, with the largest component being existence value (IDR 28,782,000,000.00 per year). The ecotourism carrying capacity based on Government Regulation No. 18 of 1994 (10% of utilization zone) is estimated at 275 visitors per day for diving and 137 visitors per day for snorkeling, and 137 visitors per day for beach-based recreation. These values underscore the importance of sustainable conservation management to preserve the long-term ecological and economic benefits of the Gita Nada MPA.
Keywords:
Carrying Capacity coral reef ecosystem ecotourism total economic valueReferences
Adriani, D., Maulina, I., & Herawati, T. (2025). Willingness to Pay for Mangrove Ecotourism in Sungsang Village, South Sumatra. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i7.11788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i7.11788
Ali, M., Fauzi, A., Yuliati, N., & Mubarokah, M. (2026). From Coastal Resource Potential to Community Welfare: The Mediating Role of Marine Agro-Ecotourism Performance in Northern Coastal East Java, Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 12(1), 939–948. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v12i1.13952 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v12i1.13952
Alongi, D. M. (2014). Carbon Cycling and Storage in Mangrove Forests. Annual Review of Marine Science, 6(1), 195–219. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135020
Anas, A., Gigentika, S., Marliana, I., & Aini, M. (2023). Kondisi Stok Ikan Karang di Kawasan Konservasi Perairan TWP Gita Nada, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat: Stock Condition of Coral Fish in Marine Protected Area at TWP Gita Nada, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Marine Fisheries Journal of Marine Fisheries Technology and Management, 14(2), 169-181. https://doi.org/10.29244/jmf.v14i2.47024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/jmf.v14i2.47024
Ayuningrum, D., Muchlissin, S. I., Purnomo, P. W., Widiaratih, R., & Nisak, Y. K. (2024). Assessing Underwater Coral Reefs Ecotourism Object in Rembang Regency Based on Suitability Index and Carrying Capacity Analysis. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1496(1), 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1496/1/012009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1496/1/012009
Barbier, E. B., Georgiou, I. Y., Enchelmeyer, B., & Reed, D. J. (2013). The Value of Wetlands in Protecting Southeast Louisiana from Hurricane Storm Surges. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e58715. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058715 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058715
Balmford, B., Beresford, J., Green, J., Naidoo, R., Walpole, M., & Manica, A. (2009). A Global Perspective on Trends in Nature-Based Tourism. Plos Biology. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000144
Bencardino, M., Cresta, A., Esposito, V., Senatore, A., & Valanzano, L. (2025). A Model for Estimating the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) of a Serial Cultural Heritage: The Case of the Via Appia. Regina Viarum. Sustainability, 17(18), 8213. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188213
BPS Kabupaten Lombok Barat. (2024). Lombok Barat dalam Angka. Retrieved from https://lombokbaratkab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/02/28/82bb6757a903df0f1fc2ae23/kabupaten-lombok-barat-dalam-angka-2024.html
Brander, L. M., Beukering, P. V., & Cesar, H. S. J. (2007). The Recreational Value of Coral Reefs: A Meta-Analysis. Ecological Economics, 63(1), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.11.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.11.002
Burke, L., Reytar, K., Splading, M., & Perry, A. (2012). Reefs at Risk Revisited. World Resources Institute.
Castro-Barrantes, L. (2020). Tourism Carrying Capacity and Environmental Zoning of CEANA, Oriented to Visitors Management and water Resource Protection in Cartago, Costa Rica. Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú, 17(41), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.18845/rfmk.v17i41.5283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18845/rfmk.v17i41.5283
Cesar, H., Burke, L., & Pet-Soede Lida. (2003). The Economics of Worldwide Coral Reef Degradation. Netherlands: Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting (CEEC)
Cesar, H. S. J. (2000). Collected Essays on the Economics of Coral Reefs. CORDIO: Sida.
Cesar, H. S. J., & Beukering, P. J. H. (2004). Economic Valuation of the Coral Reefs of Hawai’i. Pacific Science, 58(2), 231–242. Retrieved from https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/be02751b-661c-403a-9dd8-3678301e5e28/full DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/psc.2004.0014
Cifuentes, M. (1992). Determination of Visitor Carrying Capacity in Protected Areas. World Wildlife Fund.
Costa, D. D., Muhammad, F., & Warsito, B. (2022). Analysis of Water Environment Support for Marine Ecotourism Suitability Category Diving in Ataúro Island. E3S Web of Conferences, 359, 02014. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235902014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235902014
Diedrich, A. (2007). The Impacts of Tourism on Coral Reef Conservation Awareness and Support in Coastal Communities in Belize. Coral Reefs, 26(4), 985–996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-007-0224-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-007-0224-z
Fauzi, A. (2006). Ekonomi Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan: Teori dan Aplikasi. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Fauzi, A. (2005). Pemodelan Sumber Daya Perikanan dan Kelautan untuk Analisis Kebijakan. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Ferrario, F., Beck, M. W., Storlazzi, C. D., Micheli, F., Shepard, C. C., & Airoldi, L. (2014). The Effectiveness of Coral Reefs for Coastal Hazard Risk Reduction and Adaptation. Nature Communications, 5(1), 3794. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794
Fikri, I., Riani, E., & Nedi, S. (2024). Marine Tourism Suitability Index in the Padang Beach Tourism Area, West Sumatra. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(3), 1281–1291. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i3.5109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i3.5109
Global FM Lombok. (2025). Angka Kunjungan Wisatawan Lobar Lampaui Target 105 Persen. Retrieved from https://globalfmlombok.com/02/10/2025/angka-kunjungan-wisatawan-lobar-lampaui-target-105-persen/
Groot, R. S. D., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., & Willemen, L. (2010). Challenges in Integrating the Concept of Ecosystem Services and Values in Landscape Planning, Management and Decision Making. Ecological Complexity, 7(3), 260–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2009.10.006
Hadiprayitno, G., Suana, I. W., Syazali, M., Japa, L., Santoso, D., & Suyantri, E. (2023). Public Perceptions of Ecotourism in Bagek Kembar Mangrove Essential Ecosystem Area, Sekotong, West Lombok. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(9), 7553–7562. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i9.5221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i9.5221
Hasler, H., & Ott, J. A. (2008). Diving Down the Reefs? Intensive Diving Tourism Threatens the Reefs of the Northern Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(10), 1788–1794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.06.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.06.002
Hawkins, J. P., & Roberts, C. M. (1997). Estimating the Carrying Capacity of Coral Reefs for Scuba Diving. 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, 11923–11926. Retrieved from https://www.tib.eu/en/search/id/BLCP%3ACN027675510/Estimating-the-carrying-capacity-of-coral-reefs/
Haya, L. O. M. Y., & Fujii, M. (2019). Assessing Economic Values of Coral Reefs in the Pangkajene and Kepulauan Regency, Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 23, 699–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-019-00700-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-019-00700-3
Hilyana, S., Amir, S., Buhari, N., Waspodo, S., & Gigentika, S. (2021). Valuasi Ekonomi Sumberdaya Terumbu Karang di Kawasan Konservasi Gita Nada - Sekotong. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan Lesser Sunda, 1(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.29303/jikls.v1i1.27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jikls.v1i1.27
Howard, J., Hoyt, S., Isensee, K., Pidgeon, E., & Telszewski, M. (Eds.). (2014). Coastal Blue Carbon Methods for Assessing Carbon Stocks and Emissions Factors in Mangroves, Tidal Salt Marshes, and Seagrass Meadows. Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commision of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Husni, S., Yuniarti, S., & Junaidi, M. (2025). Management Plan for Gili Tangkong, Gili Nanggu and Gili Sudak Marine Conservation Area (MCA) West Lombok District. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 25(1), 1161–1170. https://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v25i1.8821 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v25i1.8821
Hutabarat, A., Yulianda, F., Fahrudin, A., Harteti, S., & Kusharjani. (2009). Pengelolaan Pesisir Laut Terpadu (I). SECEN-KOREA International Cooperation Agencty.
Isdianto, A., Harahab, N., Kurniawan, A., Wicaksono, A. D., Lelyemin, B. Y., Fuad, M. A. Z., ... & Pratiwi, D. C. (2024). Feasibility of Coral Reefs to Support Marine Ecotourism at Kampung Baru Beach, Sempu Strait, Malang Regency, Indonesia. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 17(3), 971-983. Retrieved from https://bioflux.com.ro/docs/2024.971-983.pdf
Karnan, K. (2022). Impact of Coral Bleaching on Coral Reef Fishes in Sekotong Bay, West Lombok Regency. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 8(6), 2670–2674. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i6.1576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i6.1576
Keputusan Menteri Kelautan Dan Perikanan. (2018). Keputusan Menteri Kelautan Dan Perikanan Nomor 93/KEPMEN-KP/2018 Tentang Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Gili Tangkong, Gili Nagano, Gili Sudale, dan Perairan Sekitarnya di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, Pub. L. 93/KEPMEN-KP/2018 (2018).
Manning, R. E. (2013). Parks and Carrying Capacity: Commons without Tragedy. Island Press: Made Available Through Hoopla. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.41379835
Mardiati, A. U., Candri, D. A., Astuti, S. P., Ahyadi, H., & Sukiman, S. (2025). The Distribution of Phytoplankton in Mangroves, Seagrass Beds, and Coral Reefs Ecosystem in West Sekotong Coastal, West Lombok. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(1), 642–655. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i1.8164 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i1.8164
Marzuki, M., Diniariwisan, D., & Lestariningsih, W. A. (2023). Biological Identification of Octopuses and Index Values for Fisheries Management in the Alas Strait Area, West Nusa Tenggara. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(12), 12149–12154. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i12.5956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i12.5956
Mazaya, A. F. A., Yulianda, F., & Taryono, T. (2019). Economic Valuation of Coral Reef Ecosystem for Marine Tourismin Karimunjawa National Park. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 241(1), 012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/241/1/012025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/241/1/012025
Micallef, A., & Williams, A. (2009). Beach Management: Principles and Practice (A. Micallef & A. Williams, Eds.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849770033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849770033
Moberg, F., & Folke, C. (1999). Ecological Goods and Services of Coral Reef Ecosystems. Ecological Economics, 29(2), 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00009-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00009-9
Muharam, R. S., & Rusli, B. (2025). Jejaring Kebijakan Pariwisata Berkelanjutan: Studi Strategi Pengelolaan Ekowisata di Kota Tasikmalaya. TOBA: Journal of Tourism, Hospitality, and Destination, 4(2), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.55123/toba.v4i2.4909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55123/toba.v4i2.4909
Nurhayu, F., Wardiatno, Y., & Adrianto, L. (2025). Community-Based Coral Reef Conservation in Pahawang Island, Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i2.9272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v11i2.9272
Ramadhan, A., Lindawati, L., & Kurniasari, N. (2017). Nilai Ekonomi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Kabupaten Wakatobi. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan, 11(2), 133. https://doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v11i2.3834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v11i2.3834
Rizki, A. (2024). Pengelolaan Marine Protected Area. Journal of Oceanography and Aquatics Science, 2(1), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.56855/joane.v2i1.964
Rusandi, A., Hakim, A., Wiryawan, B., Sarmintohadi, S., & Yulianto, I. (2021). Pengembangan Kawasan Konservasi untuk Mendukung Pengelolaan Perikanan yang Berkelanjutan di Indonesia. Marine Fisheries: Journal of Marine Fisheries Technology and Management, 12(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.29244/jmf.v12i2.37047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/jmf.v12i2.37047
Salm, R. V., & Clark, J. R. (2000). Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: A Guide for Planners and Managers. IUCN. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2000.13.en DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2000.13.en
Santos, C. F., Wedding, L. M., Agardy, T., Reimer, J. M., Gissi, E., & Calado, H. (2025). Marine Spatial Planning and Marine Protected Area Planning Are Not the Same and Both Are Key for Sustainability in a Changing Ocean. NPJ Ocean Sustainability, 4(23). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44183-025-00119-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44183-025-00119-4
Sari, E. S. (1993). Audience Research: Pengantar Studi Penelitian Terhadap Pembaca, Pendengar, dan Pemirsa. ANDI OFFSET.
Silva, C. P. D. (2002). Beach Carrying Capacity Assessment: How Important is It? Journal of Coastal Research, 36, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036-36.sp1.190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036-36.sp1.190
Sitompul, S. S. (2024). Ecotourism as Tourist Attraction Development: Systematic Literature Review. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(8), 606–612. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i8.8376 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i8.8376
Spalding, M., Burke, L., Wood, S. A., Ashpole, J., Hutchison, J., & Ermgassen, P. Z. (2017). Mapping the Global Value and Distribution of Coral Reef Tourism. Marine Policy, 82, 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.014
Spurgeon, J. P. G. (1992). The Economic Valuation of Coral Reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 24(11), 529–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(92)90704-A DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(92)90704-A
Suparyana, S., Fauzi, A., Kusumastanto, T., & Yulianto, G. (2023). Economic and Institutional Analysis for the Sustainable Management of Marine Protected Areas in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 16(3), 1305–1319. Retrieved from https://bioflux.com.ro/docs/2023.1305-1318.pdf
Tan, Y., Liu, W., Wu, J., & Huang, L. (2020). Ecosystem Services and Their Valuation of Soastal and Marine Ecosystems: A Review Ocean & Coastal Management.
Tarigan, S. A. R., Aviandhika, S., Yulianto, E. F., Malik, M. D. A., Himawan, C., & Suciati, Y. (2019). Monitoring Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Taman Wisata Perairan Gita Nada. Wildlife Conservation Society dan BKPSDKP Lombok.
Tratalos, J. A., & Austin, T. J. (2001). Impacts of Recreational SCUBA Diving on Coral Communities of the Caribbean Island of Grand Cayman. Biological Conservation, 102(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00085-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00085-4
Wahyudin, Y., Mulyana, D., Ramli, A., Rikardi, N., Suhartono, D., & Kesewoo, A. T. (2019). Nilai Ekonomi Keanekaragaman Hayati Pesisir dan Laut Indonesia (The Economic Value of Coastal and Marine Biodiversity in Indonesia). Jurnal Pendidikan Insan Kamil Al Ihya, 2(2), 37–51. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339433724
Warningsih, T., Ramadona, T., Zulkarnain, Z., Nuraini, N., Diharmi, A., Deviasari, D., & Muthmainnah, A. (2026). Economic Valuation of the Aruah Islands Marine Protected Area, Indonesia. International Journal of Conservation Science, 17(1), 373-382. https://doi.org/10.36868/IJCS.2026.01.22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36868/IJCS.2026.01.22
Wati, Y. H., Marjono, M., & Parmawati, R. (2023). A Study of Environmental Carrying Capacity on Three Potential Tourism Destinations of Lumajang Regency, East Java. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(SpecialIssue), 500–505. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9iSpecialIssue.6663 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9iSpecialIssue.6663
Witomo, W. (2021). Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Peraira di Taman Wisata Perairan Gita Nada Lombok Barat NTB [Graduate School Thesis]. Universitas Brawijaya.
Yao, R. T., & Wallace, L. (2024). A Systematic Review of Non-Market Ecosystem Service Values for Biosecurity Protection. Ecosystem Services, 67, 101628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101628 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101628
Yulianda, F. (2022). Ekowisata Perairan: Suatu Konsep Kesesuaian dan Daya Dukung Wisata Bahari dsn Wisata Air Tawar. IPB Press.
Yulianda, F., & Mazaya, A. F. A. (2021). Potential Carrying Capacity of Marine Ecotourism in Sub-Region III of Seribu Islands Marine National Park. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 744(1), 012106. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/744/1/012106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/744/1/012106
Yunus, M., Pagdee, A., & Baral, H. (2024). Economics of Peatland Ecosystem Services: A Study of Use and Non-Use Values and People Interplays in Sumatra, Indonesia. Land, 13(6), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13060866 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land13060866
Zacarias, D. A., Williams, A. T., & Newton, A. (2011). Recreation Carrying Capacity Estimations to Support Beach Management at Praia de Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography, 31(3), 1075–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.01.020
Zhao, Y., & Jiao, L. (2019). Resources Development and Tourism Environmental Carrying Capacity of Ecotourism Industry in Pingdingshan City, China. Ecological Processes, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0161-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0161-0
Zakai, D., & Chadwick-Furman, N. E. (2002). Impacts of Intensive Recreational Diving on Reef Corals at Eilat, Northern Red Sea. Biological Conservation, 105(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00181-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00181-1
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Syarif Husni, Sitti Hilyana, L. Sukardi, Muhammad Junaidi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
