Consumption-Based Water Footprint Analysis of Food and Non-Food Sectors for Sustainable Management of the Jambo Aye Watershed
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v12i6.14912Published:
2026-06-30Downloads
Abstract
Water is a vital resource that supports the sustainability of life and the economic activities of communities. This study analyzes the water footprint (WF) of food and non-food consumption as a basis for water resource management in the Jambo Aye Watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia. A quantitative descriptive approach was applied using secondary data on household food and non-food consumption from the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) of Statistics Indonesia (BPS) and population data for 2023 and 2024. The WF was calculated by multiplying the per capita consumption of each commodity by its virtual water coefficient, adopting the standardized global coefficients of the Water Footprint Network (Mekonnen & Hoekstra), and aggregating the results at the watershed scale; the analysis employed total (aggregate) virtual water values without disaggregating the green, blue, and grey components. The results show that the WF of food consumption reached 688.90 million m³ in 2023 and increased by 8.27% to 745.84 million m³ in 2024, accounting for more than 99% of the total WF, with rice as the main contributor. The WF of non-food consumption was considerably smaller, rising by 9.11% from 3.00 million m³ in 2023 to 3.28 million m³ in 2024, driven mainly by housing and household facilities. These findings indicate that water resource management in the Jambo Aye Watershed should prioritize improving water-use efficiency in the food sector, particularly rice-based agriculture, to support the long-term sustainability of water resources
Keywords:
Food consumption Jambo Aye watershed non-food consumption Water footprint Water resourcesReferences
Addisie, M. B., & Molla, G. (2021). Trends of community-based interventions on sustainable watershed development in the Ethiopian highlands, the Gumara watershed. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 7(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00572-2
Adeyi, Q., Adelodun, B., Odey, G., & Choi, K. S. (2025). Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Water Footprints of Food Consumption in South Korea: A Decomposition Analysis. Environmental Management, 75(9), 2348–2364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-025-02151-z
Ahmad, S., Waseem, M., Wahab, H., Khan, A. Q., Jehan, Z., Ahmad, I., & Leta, M. K. (2025). Assessing water demand and supply in the Upper Indus Basin using integrated hydrological modeling under varied socioeconomic scenarios. Applied Water Science, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-024-02310-3
Ahmed, M., Abid, M., Malik, N. A., Ali, S., Zahid, A., Malik, A., & Cheema, M. (2025). Climate-Resilient Strategies for Sustainable Management of Water Resources and Agriculture. In Advances in Global Change Research (Vol. 82, pp. 1–25). Springer Science and Business Media B.V. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-04141-8_1
Alam, M. A. (2024). Toward sustainable development. In Water Matters: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 43–51). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15537-6.00004-5
Ansorge, L., & Stejskalová, L. (2022). Water Footprint as a Tool for Selection of Alternatives (Comments on “Food Recommendations for Reducing Water Footprint”). Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106317
Azizah, C., Nuraina, N., & Usman, N. (2021). Pengenalan Karakteristik Hidrologi Dan Banjir Das Jambo Aye. RAMBIDEUN: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 4(2), 106–111.
Azzahra, M. R., Adhyasta, S. A., Utami, A. N., & Putri, D. H. (2025). Dampak Aktivitas Masyarakat Terhadap Kondisi Sosial-Ekonomi Lingkungan di Bantaran Sungai Karang Mumus (Studi Kasus: RT. 32, Kampung Baru Permai Kota Samarinda). Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Dan Humaniora, 11(2), 170–176.
Bakari, O., Arsyad, U., Demmalino, E. B., Naping, H., Latief, M. I., & Soma, A. S. (2025). Ecological Justice in Land Use Management: The Case Study of the Upstream Limboto Watershed in Indonesia. Engineering, Technology and Applied Science Research, 15(6), 29523–29528. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.13727
Balanay, R. M., Aguilos, N. Z. A. M., Guinancias, A. R., & Seronay, R. A. (2025). Water use analysis among the village people in the Can-Agtiw watershed for local area conservation in Malimono, Surigao del Norte, Philippines. Discover Sustainability, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-02021-y
Bayindir-Gümüş, A., & Yardimci, H. (2025). Environmental Metrics of World Cuisine Recipes’ Plant-Based Substitutes: Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Water Footprint, and Land Use. Current Nutrition and Food Science, 21(5), 608–617. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734013337642241219140015
Bocanegra, E. (2021). Cross-Cutting Role of Groundwater in Achieving the SDGs and an Ethical Approach. In Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation (pp. 27–30). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59320-9_6
Bonetti, S., Sutanudjaja, E. H., Mabhaudhi, T., Slotow, R., & Dalin, C. (2022). Climate change impacts on water sustainability of South African crop production. Environmental Research Letters, 17(8). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac80cf
Boulay, A.-M., & Lenoir, L. (2020). Sub-national regionalisation of the AWARE indicator for water scarcity footprint calculations. Ecological Indicators, 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.106017
Chand, S., & Mistri, T. (2024). Analysis of watershed attributes for water resource management using geospatial technology: a case study of Haringmuri watershed. Modern Cartography Series, 12, 327–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-23890-1.00013-X
Chanu, N. B., & Oinam, B. (2023). Water footprint assessment towards food sustainability for the valley region of Manipur, North East India. Current Science, 125(5), 544–550. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v125/i5/544-550
Chaturvedi, S., Kumar, A., Min, L., Lin, J., Hui, D., Thakur, T. K., & Kumar, R. (2025). Advancements in water footprints research for achieving sustainable development goals: An overview. In Water Footprints: Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 1–18). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-30054-7.00016-1
Cheikhaoui, Y., Sadiki, M., Allouza, M., Chakiri, S., & Bouabdli, A. (2024). Estimation of irrigation water requirements in the Gharb-irrigated perimeter (north-western Morocco). Water Supply, 24(2), 436–452. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2024.012
Chen, S., Wu, M., Cao, X., & Guo, X. (2020). Analysis of the characteristics and driving forces of water footprint productivity in paddy rice cultivation in China. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100(4), 1764–1774. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10213
Chini, C. M., Konar, M., & Stillwell, A. S. (2017). Direct and indirect urban water footprints of the United States. Water Resources Research, 53(1), 316–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019473
D’Ambrosio, E., Gentile, F., & De Girolamo, A. M. (2020). Assessing the sustainability in water use at the basin scale through water footprint indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118847
Debaere, P., & Konar, M. (2022). Water resources and trade: A research vision. PLOS Water, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000010
Dijkstra, A. F., & de Roda Husman, A. M. (2023). Bottled and Drinking Water. In Food Safety Management: a Practical Guide for the Food Industry, Second Edition (pp. 339–362). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820013-1.00042-5
Ebrahimi Gatgash, Z., & Sadeghi, S. H. (2023). Prioritization-based management of the watershed using health assessment analysis at sub-watershed scale. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(9), 9673–9702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02455-8
Fan, J.-L., Kong, L.-S., Zhang, X., & Wang, J.-D. (2019). Energy-water nexus embodied in the supply chain of China: Direct and indirect perspectives. Energy Conversion and Management, 183, 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.095
Frontuto, V., Felici, T., Dalmazzone, S., Falsetti, B., Ignaccolo, R., Laio, F., & Bagliani, M. M. (2025). Unsustainable global freshwater consumption driven by economic growth. World Development, 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107185
Giusti, G., Marques, T. L., Figueirêdo, M. C. B. D., & Silva, D. A. L. (2022). Integrating water footprint in the eco-efficiency assessment of Brazilian chilled chicken. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 33, 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.07.009
Gleick, P. H., & Cooley, H. (2021). Freshwater Scarcity. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 46, 319–348. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-101319
Góralska-Walczak, R., Kopczyńska, K., Kazimierczak, R., Stefanovic, L., Bieńko, M., Oczkowski, M., & Średnicka-Tober, D. (2024). Environmental Indicators of Vegan and Vegetarian Diets: A Pilot Study in a Group of Young Adult Female Consumers in Poland. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010249
Gule, T. T., Lemma, B., & Hailu, B. T. (2024). Factors impacting water quality and quantity in rapidly expanding urban areas based on the DPSIR model: experiences and challenges from Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(14), 22131–22144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32550-4
Hatmoko, W., Triweko, R. W., & Yudianto, D. (2012). Sistem pendukung keputusan untuk perencanaan alokasi air secara partisipatoris pada suatu wilayah sungai. Jurnal Teknik Hidraulik, 3(1), 71–86.
Hoekstra, A. Y. (2017). The water footprint of animal products. In The Meat Crisis: Developing More Sustainable and Ethical Production and Consumption, Second Edition (pp. 21–30). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315562032
Hussain, F., Anjum, M. N., & Naserin, A. (2025). Water Management Strategies for Climate-Smart Crop Production. In Climate Smart Agriculture for Future Food Security (pp. 375–396). Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4499-5_17
Iftikhar, I., Awais, M., Mustafa, M. U., Anwar-ul-Haq, M., Mubeen, M., Nadeem, M., & Wajid, S. A. (2025). Innovative Solutions for Agricultural Water Management in Future. In Innovations in Agricultural Water Management: Risks and Solutions (pp. 451–464). Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-91883-4_23
Kamali, M., Azarnivand, H., Malekian, A., & Mosaffaei, J. (2023). Developing management solutions for Alolak watershed in the Qazvin province using the DPSIR approach. Journal of Watershed Management Research, 14(2), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.61186/jwmr.14.28.148
Kanaoujiya, R., Roy, O. S., Jaiswal, A., Singh, S. K., Al Tawaha, A. R. M., Srivastava, S., Al-Tawaha, A. R., Karnwal, A., Nesterova, N., Singh, A., Rajput, V. D., Ghazaryan, K., Minkina, T., Ali, I., & Thangadurai, D. (2024). Agricultural water scarcity: an emerging threat to global water security. In Sustainable Agriculture under Drought Stress: Integrated Soil, Water and Nutrient Management (pp. 15–22). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-23956-4.00002-8
Kinanthi, A. (2024). Water Footprint Untuk Mitigasi Konsentrasi Ph, Temperatur, Minyak Dan Lemak, Dan Cod Pada Limbah Cair Industri Batik Dan Tekstil: Studi Kasus Batik Mahkota Dan Tekstil Afina Di Laweyan, Surakarta.
Kumarapandiyan, G., Priya, P. R., Franklin, R. G., & Vignesh, R. (2024). A study on perception of water scarcity with particular reference to chennai corporation zone. Investigacion Operacional, 45(1), 45–50. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186109498&partnerID=40&md5=62fd147cce85b624a7b5ecebb662a570
Liang, Y., Li, H., Liang, S., Yeboah, F. K., & Yang, Z. (2024). Food Demand-Driven Scarce Water Use Amplified by Pollution in China. Earth’s Future, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EF004052
Liu, L., Hu, X., Zhan, Y., Sun, Z., & Zhang, Q. (2023). China’s dietary changes would increase agricultural blue and green water footprint. Science of the Total Environment, 903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165763
Liu, R., Li, H., Ong, M. C., & Zou, J. (2025). Prediction for Global Whipping Responses of a Large Cruise Ship Under Unprecedented Sea Conditions Using an LSTM-Based Encoder-Decoder Model. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 147(2). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4066063
Liu, S., Gao, S., Hsu, W.-L., Shiau, Y.-C., & Liu, H.-L. (2022). Mechanism study on the impact of china population structure change on the water use of the three main industries. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010204
Ma, Y., Yin, J., Huang, F., & Li, Q. (2024). Surface defect inspection of industrial products with object detection deep networks: a systematic review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 57(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-10956-3
Malik, H. T., Zvulunov, Y., Kinnebrew, E., Gates, T. K., Evett, S. R., VanderRoest, J. P., Radian, A., Chi, J., Abhijith, G. R., Mueller, N. D., Ostfeld, A., Fang, L., & Borch, T. (2025). Advancing sustainable water use across the agricultural life cycle in the USA. Nature Water, 3(6), 655–667. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-025-00450-7
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2011). The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(5), 1577–1600. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2012). A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products. Ecosystems, 15(3), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9517-y
Meng, Y., Ma, W., Long, A., Wang, X., Kou, J., & Liang, X. (2024). Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Water Footprint Based on Food Consumption in the Yellow River Basin. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 10. https://doi.org/10.34133/ehs.0198
Mirabi, M., Javan, K., Darestani, M., & Karrabi, M. (2025). Integrating Circular Economy and Life Cycle Assessment in Virtual Water Management: A Case Study of Food Consumption Across Economic Classes in Iran. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062743
Muratoglu, A. (2019). Water footprint assessment within a catchment: A case study for Upper Tigris River Basin. Ecological Indicators, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105467
Muthu, S. S. (2024). Introduction to the Book—Sustainability and Water Footprint: Industry-Specific Assessments and Recommendations. In Environmental Footprints and Eco-Design of Products and Processes: Vol. Part F3512 (pp. 1–6). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70810-7_1
Pierrat, É., Laurent, A., Dorber, M., Rygaard, M., Verones, F., & Hauschild, M. (2023). Advancing water footprint assessments: Combining the impacts of water pollution and scarcity. Science of the Total Environment, 870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161910
Ren, D., Mao, H., Xiao, D., Lu, Y., Xu, X., Ma, Q., & Wang, L. (2025). Dietary differences amplify the water stress impacts of virtual water trade in the yellow river basin. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28020-7
Schiller, J., & Pruckner, M. (2024). Evaluating Water-Energy Nexus related Water Saving Potentials of Residential Households with Solar PV and Electric Storage. BuildSys 2024 - Proceedings of the 2024 11th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation, 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1145/3671127.3698168
Sharafi, S., Nahvinia, M. J., & Salehi, F. (2024). Assessing the Water Footprints (WFPs) of Agricultural Products across Arid Regions: Insights and Implications for Sustainable Farming. Water (Switzerland), 16(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091311
Sharma, N., Kaushal, A., Yousuf, A., Kaur, S., & Sharda, R. (2024). Prioritization of sub-watersheds and subsequent site identification for soil water and conservation practices using the SWAT-AHP integrated model in the Lower Sutlej Sub-basin, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(15), 23120–23145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32382-2
Shen, R., & Yao, L. (2023). A holistic analysis of China’s consumption-based water footprint (2012–2017) from a multilevel perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139593
Villholth, K. G. (2024). Role of water in food security and hunger reduction (SDG 2). In Water Matters: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 143–157). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15537-6.00012-4
Xu, F., Bai, J., & Li, L. (2021). Price mechanism for improving dietary structure and reducing the pressure on water resources. Resources Science, 43(12), 2490–2502. https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2021.12.11
Zerga, B. (2025). Integrated watershed management: a review. Discover Sustainability, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01352-0
Zhang, Y., Tian, Q., Hu, H., & Yu, M. (2019). Water footprint of food consumption by Chinese residents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203979
Zhang, Y., Tian, Q., & Yu, W. (2022). Water footprint of food production and consumption in China. Water Supply, 22(8), 6792–6806. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.261
Zhou, Y., Li, B., Han, J., He, G., Wang, K., An, C., & Huang, Y. (2023). Enabling efficiency-driven and low-impact water management from robust decision making: A risk- and robustness-based multi-objective decision support model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136277
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabila Sam Dwitara, Purwana Satriyo, Syahrul
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY License). This license allows authors to use all articles, data sets, graphics, and appendices in data mining applications, search engines, web sites, blogs, and other platforms by providing an appropriate reference. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions and will retain publishing rights without restrictions.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
