Environmental Quality and Sustainable Development in Indonesia: The Role of Socioeconomic Determinants During 2019–2023
DOI:
10.29303/jppipa.v12i9.15594Published:
2026-09-30Downloads
Abstract
Environmental quality is an important indicator of sustainable development because it reflects the interaction between economic, social, and environmental dimensions. This study examines the relationship between socioeconomic determinants and environmental quality across Indonesian provinces during 2019–2023. A quantitative approach was employed using balanced panel data from 34 provinces, comprising 170 observations obtained from Statistics Indonesia (BPS) and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK). Panel data regression was applied, with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) selected based on the Chow and Hausman tests. Diagnostic testing indicated heteroscedasticity, serial correlation, and cross-sectional dependence; therefore, Driscoll–Kraay robust standard errors were employed for statistical inference. The results show that GRDP per capita is positively and significantly associated with environmental quality, while poverty has a negative and significant association. Population density also shows a positive and significant relationship with environmental quality. In contrast, unemployment has a positive coefficient but is not statistically significant at the conventional 5% level. The model explains 94.72% of the variation in environmental quality. These findings highlight the importance of integrating economic development, poverty alleviation, sustainable urban management, and environmental protection into regional development policies in Indonesia
Keywords:
Environmental quality Indonesia Panel data Socioeconomic determinants Sustainable developmentReferences
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